Concrete Portable Handbook

R. Dodge Woodson

• Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
• Year: 2011
• Print ISBN:
  9780123821768
• eBook ISBN:
  9780123821775
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Civil Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Whether or not, you are on the job site or back in the office, this book will help you to avoid mistakes, code violations, and wasted time and money. The book's four part treatment begins with constituent materials followed by self contained parts on Concrete Properties, Processes, and Concrete Repair and Rehabilitation. Designed to be an "all in one" reference, the author includes a wealth information for the most popular types of testing. This includes: Analysis of Fresh Concrete; Testing Machines; Accelerated Testing Methods; Analysis of Hardened Concrete and Mortar; Core Sampling and Testing; Assessment of Concrete Construction ; Repair; Quality Concepts; Quality Control; Statistics; Standards, Specifications, and Codes of Practice. With this book in hand, construction engineers and even technicians find valuable information regarding Exposed Concrete Finishes, Repairing Concrete, Formwork, Precast Concrete, Concrete Roads, and Industrial Floors. Project managers and owners will find this reference a valuable guide to concrete both in terms of its applications in construction projects and the science and chemistry of concrete for its own sake. - Fundamentals of Concrete Chemistry - Handy at your figure tip calculations - Tips for working with all types of concretes - Covers Roads, floors, and finishes - Principles of Precast, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

Chapter 1

Basic Information

Publisher Summary

This chapter discusses how the American Concrete Institute® (ACI) sets forth local code requirements for carrying out construction in a given area. ICC codes are based around the ACI requirements for both structural concrete and reinforced concrete applications. Essentially, the ACI requirements are the foundation of most building codes. ACI regulations do not apply to the installation or design of structural concrete slabs cast on stay-in-place, composite steel form decks. Areas subject to seismic risk levels are commonly governed by the local building code in conjunction with the ACI recommendations. Earthquake-resistance building principles are generally adopted from the ACI. Code office inspections of concrete installations are required to assure that minimum standards are met. Workmanship is a key factor in the success of concrete construction. On the rare occasions when a building code official is not available in a region, inspections may be done by qualified, registered design professionals or qualified inspectors. Sometimes, a situation arises where a system designer wishes to stray from the traditional code requirements. When this is the case, design specifications can be brought to the attention of a local code officer. It may be necessary for special approvals to be requested from a board of examiners who are appointed by building officials.

American Concrete Institute; board of examiners; code requirements; deflection limits; inspections; inspectors; International Code Conference; load factors; permit; post tensioning; prestressing forces

Outline

Paperwork 1

Inspection 2

Special Considerations 3

This chapter introduces the basic information needed for minimum standards of good practice for concrete work. It goes on to answer these questions: Who controls the codes that you will work with? Where are the minimum standards of good practice for concrete work found? Regulations set up by The American Concrete Institute are discussed and explained. Permit approval requirements are listed and the inspection process and its components are reviewed. Special tips for the concrete professional are scattered throughout the chapter.

Who controls the codes that you are to work with? Where are the minimum standards of good practice for concrete work found? Your local code enforcement office will mandate the code requirements in your personal jurisdiction. It is very likely that your local code requirements will be based on the recommendations and requirements set forth by the American Concrete Institute® (ACI).

I talked with people at the International Code Conference (ICC) and confirmed that the ICC codes are based around the ACI requirements for both structural concrete and reinforced concrete applications. Essentially, the ACI requirements are the foundation of most building codes.

There are some exceptions to the coverage of the ACI recommendations. For example, soil-supported slabs are often exempt from the rules of the ACI, but this is not always the case. If a slab transmits vertical loads or lateral forces from other portions of a structure to the soil, the slab requirements can be tied to the ACI regulations.

ACI regulations do not apply to the installation or design of structural concrete slabs cast on stay-in-place, composite steel form decks.

Areas subject to seismic risk levels are commonly governed by the local building code in conjunction with the ACI recommendations. Earthquake-resistance building principles are generally adopted from the ACI.

Paperwork

There are a host of requirements that must be met prior to the approval of a permit and these documents must bear the seal of a registered engineer or architect. Common elements required as part of an official submittal may include, but not be limited to, the following:

• Name and date of issue of the code requirements used to determine drawings and specifications

• Any supplement to the code used in the design and specifications

• Specified compressive strength of concrete at stated ages

• Each section of the structure has a compressive strength of concrete at stated stages of construction

• Specified strength or grade of reinforcement

• Size of all structural elements, reinforcement, and anchors

• Location or specified structural elements, reinforcement, and anchors

• Provision for dimensional changes that may result from creep, shrinkage, or temperature

• Magnitude of prestressing forces

• Location of prestressing forces

• Anchorage length of reinforcement

• Location and length of lap splices

• Types of mechanical and welded splices of reinforcement to be used

• Location of mechanical and welded splices of reinforcement to be used

• Details and location of all contraction or isolation joints specified for plain concrete

• Minimum compressive strength of concrete at the time of post tensioning

• Stressing sequences of post-tensioning tendons

• Statements pertaining to slabs on grade that are designed as structural diaphragms

Calculations that pertain to the design of concrete applications are filed with the drawings and specifications for a job when permit application is made. Computer-generated information is normally acceptable for calculations.

If model analysis is used, the process should be performed by an experienced engineer or architect.

Inspection

Code office inspections of concrete installations are required to assure that minimum standards are met. Workmanship is a key factor in the success of concrete construction. The best materials and designs will be inadequate if they are not used properly in an installation. On the rare occasions when a building code official is not available in a region, inspections may be done by qualified, registered design professionals or qualified inspectors.

Tip

Records of inspections are usually required to be kept by the inspecting engineer or architect for two years beyond the completion of construction.

When inspectors review a site location there are a number of components included in a proper inspection. The following list outlines common objectives reviewed during an official inspection:

• Quality of concrete materials

• Proportions of concrete materials

• Strength of concrete materials

• Construction methods and materials of forms

• Removal of forms and reshoring

• Placement of reinforcement and anchors

• Mixing concrete

• Placing concrete

• Curing of concrete

• Sequence of erection and connection of precast members

• Tendon tensioning

• Significant construction loadings on completed concrete structures

• General progress and workmanship

Tip

Ambient temperature changes below 40°F or above 95°F require that a record be kept of all concrete temperatures and any and all protection given to concrete during placement and curing.

Special Considerations

Sometimes a situation arises where a system designer wishes to s...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Basic Information
• Chapter 2. Concrete Materials
• Chapter 3. Durability and Protection
• Chapter 4. Mixing and Placing Concrete
• Chapter 5. Concrete Formwork
• Chapter 6. Reinforcement
• Chapter 7. General Design Consideration
• Chapter 8. Requirements for Strength and Serviceability
• Chapter 9. Inspecting In-Place Concrete
• Chapter 10. Concrete Failure
• Chapter 11. Concrete Repair Preparation
• Chapter 12. Removal and Repair
• Chapter 13. Rehabilitation Work
• Chapter 14. Maintenance Matters
• Chapter 15. Specialized Repairs
• Chapter 16. Problem Solving
• Chapter 17. Code Requirements
• Chapter 18. How Much Do You Know?
• Chapter 19. Working with Code Requirements
• Chapter 20. Avoiding On-the-Job Injuries
• Chapter 21. Worksite Survival
• Appendix I: Background Facts and Issues Concerning Cement and Cement Data
• Appendix II: Concrete Pavement Technology Update
• Appendix III: Foundry Sand Facts for Civil Engineers
• Appendix IV: Increasing the Quality of Concrete and Concrete Related Products
• Appendix V: Concrete and Masonry Construction OSHA 3106 1998 (Revised)
• Appendix VI: Glossary of Abbreviations
• Appendix VII: Common Definitions
• Appendix VIII: Industry Resources
• Glossary
• Index