Industrial Applications of Batteries

From Cars to Aerospace and Energy Storage

Michel Broussely, Gianfranco Pistoia

• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Year: 2007
• eBook ISBN: 9780080471273
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Industrial & Technical Chemistry

Industrial Applications of Batteries looks at both the applications and the batteries and covers the relevant scientific and technological features. Presenting large batteries for stationary applications, e.g. energy storage, and also batteries for hybrid vehicles or different tools. The important aerospace field is covered both in connection with satellites and space missions. Examples of applications include, telecommunications, uninterruptible power supplies, systems for safety/alarms, car accessories, toll collection, asset tracking systems, medical equipment, and oil drilling.The first chapter on applications deals with electric and hybrid vehicles. Four chapters are devoted to stationary applications, i.e. energy storage (from the electric grid or solar/wind energy), load levelling, telecommunications, uninterruptible power supplies, back-up for safety/alarms. Battery management by intelligent systems and prediction of battery life are dealt with in a dedicated chapter. The topic of used battery collection and recycling, with the description of specific treatments for the different systems, is also extensively treated in view of its environmental relevance. Finally, the world market of these batteries is presented, with detailed figures for the various applications.* Updated and full overview of the power sources for industries* Written by leading scientists in their fields * Well balanced in terms of scientific and technical information

CHAPTER ONE Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Vehicle Options

Ibrahim Dincer¹ [email protected], Marc A. Rosen, Calin Zamfirescu

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario, Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

Contents

1. Introduction 1
2. Analysis 2
   1. Technical and economical criteria 3
   2. Environmental impact criteria 5
   3. Normalization and the general indicator 10
3. Results and Discussion 11
4. Conclusions 15
5. Acknowledgement 15
6. Nomenclature 16
7. Greek symbols 16
8. Subscripts 16
9. References 16

Nomenclature

AP air pollution

GHG greenhouse gas

Ind indicator

LHV lower heating value, MJ/kg

m mass, kg

NGInd normalized general indicator

NiMeH nickel metal hydride

NInd normalized indicator

PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell

VOC volatile organic compound

w weighting coefficient

Greek symbols

η energy efficiency

Subscripts

bat battery

car car

m mass

max maximum

fc fuel cell

i, j indexes

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the support provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Abstract

Economic and environmental comparisons are performed using published data for six kinds of vehicles: electric, hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE), ammonia-fueled ICE, and conventional gasoline-fueled. The vehicle production, utilization, and disposal stages are considered. A mathematical procedure is developed based on economic and environmental indicators for evaluating the optimal relationship between the types of vehicles in the fleet. According to the comparison, hybrid and electric cars exhibit advantages over hydrogen and gasoline cars, while the ammonia-fueled car appears the most promising of all analyzed cases, provided that ammonia is produced from renewable sources. The attractiveness of the electric car depends on the source of the electricity. If electricity is generated at 50–60% efficiency, the electric car becomes promising, especially when used as a short-range car in moderate climate regions. In other scenarios ammonia as a hydrogen source becomes the preferred option.

1 Introduction

Of the major industries that have to adapt and reconfigure to meet present requirements for sustainable development, vehicle manufacturing is one of the more significant. One component of sustainability requires the design of environmentally benign vehicles characterized by no or little atmospheric pollution during operation. The design of such vehicles requires, among other developments, improvements in powertrain systems, fuel processing, and power conversion technologies. Opportunities for utilizing various fuels for vehicle propulsion, with an emphasis on synthetic fuels (e.g., hydrogen, biodiesel, bioethanol, dimethylether, ammonia, etc.) as well as electricity via electrical batteries, have been analyzed over the last decade and summarized in Refs [1–3].

In analyzing a vehicle propulsion and fueling system, it is necessary to consider all stages of the life cycle starting from the extraction of natural resources to produce materials and ending with conversion of the energy stored onboard the vehicle into mechanical energy for vehicle displacement and other purposes (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.). All life cycle stages preceding fuel utilization on the vehicle influence the overall efficiency and environmental impact. In addition, vehicle production stages and end-of-life disposal contribute substantially when quantifying the life cycle environmental impact of fuel-propulsion alternatives....

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Economic and Environmental Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Vehicle Options
• Chapter 2: Lifetime Cost of Battery, Fuel-Cell, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 3: Relative Fuel Economy Potential of Intelligent, Hybrid and Intelligent–Hybrid Passenger Vehicles
• Chapter 4: Cost-Effective Vehicle and Fuel Technology Choices in a Carbon-Constrained World
• Chapter 5: Expected Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Battery, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 6: Analysis of Design Tradeoffs for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
• Chapter 7: Evaluation of Energy Consumption, Emissions, and Costs of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
• Chapter 8: Improving Petroleum Displacement Potential of PHEVs Using Enhanced Charging Scenarios
• Chapter 9: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and their Impact on Energy Storage Technologies
• Chapter 10: On the Road Performance Simulation of Battery, Hydrogen, and Hybrid Cars
• Chapter 11: Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Gasoline Vehicles
• Chapter 12: DOE’s National Fuel Cell Vehicle Learning Demonstration Project
• Chapter 13: Battery Requirements for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs
• Chapter 14: Battery Environmental Analysis
• Chapter 15: A Roadmap to Understand Battery Performance in Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Operation
• Chapter 16: Batteries for PHEVs
• Chapter 17: Battery Size and Capacity Use in Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 18: Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 19: Management of Batteries for Electric Traction Vehicles
• Chapter 20: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
• Chapter 21: Market Prospects of Electric Passenger Vehicles
• Chapter 22: Automakers’ Powertrain Options for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
• Appendix
• Index