1. G. E. Fogg, A History of Antarctic Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); John B. West, High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine (New York: Published for the American Physiological Society by Oxford University Press, 1998). For Antarctic medicine, see the works of Henry Raymond Guly, “Medical Aspects of the Expeditions of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1895–1922)” (Ph.D. diss., University of Exeter, 2015); Guly, “Human Biology Investigations during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1897–1922),” Polar Record 50 (2014): 183–91; Guly, “Surgery and Anaesthesia during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1895–1922),” British Medical Journal 347 (December 17, 2013): f7242; Guly, “Bacteriology during the Expeditions of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration,” Polar Record 49 (2013): 321–27; Guly, “Medical Comforts during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration,” Polar Record 49 (2013): 110–17; Guly, “Snow Blindness and Other Eye Problems during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration,” Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 23 (2012): 77–82; Guly, “Frostbite and Other Cold Injuries in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration,” Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 23 (2012): 365–70.
2. Simon Schaffer, “The Information Order of Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica” (Hans Rausing Lecture, Uppsala University, Sweden, 2008); Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); Harold L. Burstyn, “‘Big Science’ in Victorian Britain: The Challenger Expedition (1872–76) and Its Report (1881–95),” in Understanding the Oceans: A Century of Ocean Exploration, ed. Margaret Deacong, Tony Rice, and Colin Summerhayes (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002), 49–55; Dorinda Outram, “On Being Perseus: New Knowledge, Dislocation, and Enlightenment Exploration,” in Geography and Enlightenment, ed. David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 281–94; Richard Sorrenson, “The Ship as a Scientific Instrument in the Eighteenth Century,” Osiris 11 (1996): 221–36.
3. Jim Endersby, Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008); Hanna Hodacs, “In the Field: Exploring Nature with Carolus Linnaeus,” Endeavour 34 (2010): 45–49; Hodacs, “Linnaeans Outdoors: The Transformative Role of Studying Nature ‘On the Move’ and Outside,” British Journal for the History of Science 44 (2011): 183–209.
4. Felix Driver, Geography Militant: Cultures of Exploration and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). This interest in exploration is in no way limited to the history of science or medicine. For a good overview of work on just one nation, see Dane Kennedy, “British Exploration in the Nineteenth Century: A Historiographical Survey,” History Compass 5 (2007): 1879–1900.
5. Robert Peary’s claim is still disputed (as was Frederick Cook’s of 1908), although 1909 is widely taken as the date of “conquest” of the North Pole; the first absolutely certain visitor was Wally Herbert in 1969.
6. S. Naylor and J. Ryan, eds., New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the Twentieth Century (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009).
7. Shirley V. Scott, “Ingenious and Innocuous? Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty as Imperialism,” Polar Journal 1 (2011): 51–62.
8. Special issue, Social Studies of Science 33, no. 5 (October 2003); Jacob Hamlin, Oceanographers and the Cold War: Disciplines of Marine Science (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005); Helen M. Rozwadowski, Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Keith R. Benson and Helen M. Rozwadowski, eds., Extremes: Oceanography’s Adventures at the Poles (Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications/USA, 2007); Gary Kroll, America’s Ocean Wilderness: A Cultural History of Twentieth-Century Exploration (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2008); Simone Turchetti et al., “On Thick Ice: Scientific Internationalism and Antarctic Affairs, 1957–1980,” History and Technology 24 (2008): 351–76; Jeremy Vetter, ed., Knowing Global Environments: New Historical Perspectives on the Field Sciences (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011).
9. Fogg, History of Antarctic Science.
10. Philip W. Clements, Science in an Extreme Environment: The 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018).
11. Elena Aronova, Karen S. Baker, and Naomi Oreskes, “Big Science and Big Data in Biology: From the International Geophysical Year through the International Biological Program to the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, 1957–Present,” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 4 (2010): 183–224.
12. Joanna Radin, Life on Ice: A History of New Uses for Cold Blood (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).
13. Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Graeme Gooday, “Placing or Replacing the Laboratory in the History of Science?” Isis 99 (2008): 783–95; M. Guggenheim, “Laboratizing and De-Laboratizing the World: Changing Sociological Concepts for Places of Knowledge Production,” History of the Human Sciences 25 (2012): 99–118; Robert E. Kohler, “Lab History: Reflections,” Isis 99 (2008): 761–68; A. Ophir, “The Place of Knowledge: A Methodological Survey,” Science in Context 4 (1991): 3–21.
14. Gooday, “Placing or Replacing.”
15. Robert E. Kohler, “Practice and Place in Twentieth-Century Field Biology: A Comment,” Journal of the History of Biology 45 (2012): 579–86; Kohler, “Labscapes: Naturalizing the Lab,” History of Science 40 (2008): 473–501; Kohler, Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Kohler, “Place and Practice in Field Biology,” History of Science 40 (2002): 189–210; Henrika Kuklick, “Personal Equations: R...
