Privacy Vulnerabilities and Data Security Challenges in the IoT

Shivani Agarwal, Sandhya Makkar, Duc-Tan Tran

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780367334390
• eBook ISBN: 9781000201666
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Cyber Security
• Index: Computer Science

This book discusses the evolution of security and privacy issues in the Internet of Things (IoT). The book focuses on assembling all security- and privacy-related technologies into a single source so that students, researchers, academics, and those in the industry can easily understand the IoT security and privacy issues.

This edited book discusses the use of security engineering and privacy-by-design principles to design a secure IoT ecosystem and to implement cyber-security solutions. This book takes the readers on a journey that begins with understanding security issues in IoT-enabled technologies and how these can be applied in various sectors. It walks readers through engaging with security challenges and building a safe infrastructure for IoT devices. The book helps researchers and practitioners understand the security architecture of IoT and the state-of-the-art in IoT countermeasures. It also differentiates security threats in IoT-enabled infrastructure from traditional ad hoc or infrastructural networks, and provides a comprehensive discussion on the security challenges and solutions in RFID and WSNs in IoT.

This book aims to highlight the concepts of related technologies and novel findings by researchers through its chapter organization. The primary audience comprises specialists, researchers, graduate students, designers, experts, and engineers undertaking research on security-related issues.

1 Applications of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Sandhya Makkar, Megha Duseja, and Shivani Agarwal

Contents

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Internet of Things

1.1.2 Machine-To-Machine (M2M)

1.1.3 Emergence and Growth of IoT

1.1.4 Setting up an IoT Infrastructure

1.2 Cloud System Selection

1.3 Platform Selection

1.4 IoT Applications in the Industry

1.4.1 Vehicle Telematics

1.4.2 Fleet

1.4.3 Connected Car

1.4.4 Leasing/Ride Sharing/Asset Management

1.4.5 Healthcare

1.4.6 IoT for Patients

1.4.7 Medical Adherence

1.4.8 IoT for Physicians

1.4.9 Blood Banks

1.4.10 Device Monitoring: Defibrillators/Heart Monitors/Pacemakers

1.4.11 IoT for Hospitals

1.4.12 IoT for Health Insurance Companies

1.4.13 Smart Metering

1.4.14 Smart House

1.4.15 Smart City

1.4.16 Renewable Solar Energy

1.4.17 Insurance

1.4.18 Enterprise Use Cases

1.4.19 Using Iot for a Better World

1.5 Security, Privacy, and the Internet of Things

1.5.1 Multiple Network

1.5.2 Multiple Types of Services

1.5.3 Scaling Growth

1.5.4 Automated Functionality

1.5.5 Long Lifecycles

1.5.6 Remote Updates

1.6 The Future of the Internet of Things

1.6.1 IoT Will Be Primary

1.6.2 Homes Will Get Smarter

1.6.3 Enterprises Will Start Using More IoT

Bibliography

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things, or as it is informally referred to, IoT, is a system of devices, people, and machines all well connected wirelessly through the internet and to each other.

The perception and uses of the term IoT will continue to evolve with the changing times as new connected technologies are developed and pave the way for more such applications. The possibilities just keep growing.

The need for more advanced solutions will drive the next IoT innovations in a world where consumer satisfaction is imperative for organizational growth. Every business can leverage the digitally connected ecosystem of IoT devices to have that technological edge in this furiously competitive world we live in. Not only will IoT enhance efficiency but it can also provide valuable insights into issues related to streamline workflows, predict necessary maintenance, analyze usage patterns, automate manufacturing, and much more.

1.1.2 Machine-To-Machine (M2M)

M2M technologies represent closed, point-to-point communications between machines or between machine and management systems, without the need for human intervention. M2M devices, enabling bidirectional remote monitoring and transfer of data, consist of a sensor or a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag and a communication module.

M2M devices, as the industrial precursors to the IoT, can include items ranging from in-house/in-office machinery, such as printers or scanners, to manufacturing equipment, including heavy machinery.

But do not assume that the IoT will replace M2M. Predictions show that cumulative M2M connections will grow from 995 million in 2014 to a projected 2.7 billion connections by 2018.

M2M uses include telemetry, traffic control, security, tracking and tracing, machinery maintenance and control, metering, and manufacturing and facility management, as well as a multitude of other applications.

M2M/IoT will represent the next phase of the internet revolution, connecting about ten times more devices on the internet in a couple of years. So, it is best to be aware and start embracing it from its infancy and gain the first mover advantage.

1.1.3 Emergence and Growth of IoT

The IoT establishes an end-to-end ecosystem, including technologies, processes, and concepts employed across all connectivity use cases.

In principle, modern information and communication technologies play a vital role in IoT. As IoT is nothing but an exhaustive web of recognizable physical things, this will involve connecting not only humans but objects as well. These objects come with small processors and sensors like temperature controllers and audio or video output devices that are used to supervise the surrounding objects. This helps to make the connected objects more responsive to the changes in the surroundings and thus to analyze the appropriate information or service to be provided, which makes our objects “smart”.

The foundation of IoT is automatic identification through RFID. Sensors and actuators help by enhancing the applicability by encapsulating the real-time effects of actions. This leads to a huge opportunity for new services and applications in many areas. For instance, consumer goods may have a large repository of data which will help in providing a faster and more specific personalized service later on. Not only will this result in new business models and product innovations but it will also create a new line of products and services for more narrowed-down and specific customer needs, thus having a huge influence on individuals, markets, society, and enterprises.

The term Internet of Things was coined by Kevin Ashton while presenting RFID technology connected to the internet to easily identify products at Proctor and Gamble. The notion evolved and came to be more widely used in real life during the 2000s, especially after 2008, when the IPSO Alliance was formed to encourage the use of networked objects/things. Table 1.1 gives a summary of the progress of IoT according to Forbes.

TABLE 1.1
Historical Journey of IoT

Year	Event
1949	Norman Joseph Woodland invents the barcode, which is patented in 1952 and is first used by supermarkets 20 years later.
1955	Edward O. Thorp creates the world’s first wearable computer, whose only function is to predict roulette wheels.
1967	Hubert Upton develops an analog wearable computer.
1969	The first message is sent over ARPANET.
1973	Invented by Mario Cardullo, the RFID tag receives its first patent.
1977	C.C. Colins creates a product for the visually disabled, a wearable that transforms an image into a tactile grid on a vest.
Early 1980s	Carnegie-Mellon Computer Science Department researchers install micro-switches in the Coke vending machine and connect them to a computer to make supervision easier.
1990	John Romkey comes up with a toaster connected to the internet.
1990	Olivetti invents a badge system to locate people.
1993	Thad Starner from MIT uses a heads-up display as a wearable.
1993	Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Dorée Seligmann invent KARMA—Knowledge-based Augmented Reality for Maintenance Assistance.
1995	GPS Satellite Network (version 1) is completed.
1999	An Automatic Identification Center is set up at MIT where objects are linked to the internet through the RFID tag.
1999	The term Internet of Things is first used by Kevin Ashton of MIT.
2000	LG designs the first “smart fridge”.
2003	Publications like The Guardian, Scientific American, and Boston Globe mention the Internet of Things in their articles.
2004	US Defence uses IoT in their Savi Program, and Walmart starts using IoT in commercial retail.
2005	The Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) invents a small microcontroller to help their students in making their projects.
2007	The United Nations’ International Telecommunications Union publishes a report on Internet of Things, saying “from anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything. Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic network of networks—an Internet of Things”.

1.1.4 Setting up an IoT Infrastructure

Before setting up an IoT infrastruct...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title
• Series
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Applications of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
• Chapter 2 Biomedical Applications Using IoT
• Chapter 3 Emerging Technological Advances in Healthcare
• Chapter 4 The Internet of Things (IoT) and Contactless Payments: An Empirical Analysis of the Healthcare Industry
• Chapter 5 AI in Healthcare
• Chapter 6 Security Vulnerabilities in the IoT
• Chapter 7 Research on IoT Governance, Security, and Privacy Issues of Internet of Things
• Chapter 8 Recent Trends of IoT and Big Data in Research Problem-Solving
• Chapter 9 A Theoretical Context for CSF in Medical Software Next Release
• Chapter 10 Robotics and Machine Learning
• Chapter 11 Detecting Medical Reviews Using Sentiment Analysis
• Index