Clinical Biochemistry and Drug Development

From Fundamentals to Output

Shashank Kumar

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9781771888691
• eBook ISBN: 9781000731194
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Pharmacology
• Index: Biological Sciences

This new volume focuses on clinical biochemistry fundamentals, cell culture techniques, and drug discovery and development concepts. It deals with three different fields of clinical research: cell culture, clinical biochemistry, and drug discovery and development.

The book introduces cell animal and bacterial culture techniques and their potential uses as well as cell culture techniques. The biochemistry aspect of the book covers the principles of clinical biochemistry and biochemical analysis, biochemical aids to clinical diagnosis, measurement, and quality control. The book also presents important concepts in cell membrane receptor signal transduction pathways as drug targets.

The drug development focus of the book discusses the fundamentals of human disease and drug discovery. Various in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches for drug discovery are examined, along with a discussion on drug delivery carriers and clinical trials. Overall, the volume provides an overview of the journey from clinical fundamentals to clinical output.

CHAPTER 1
An Introduction to Cell Culture

AMIT KUMAR SHARMA,¹ ATUL KUMAR SINGH,² and SHASHANK KUMAR²

¹ Department of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, Tel.: [phone], E-mail: [email protected]

² School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab–151001, India

ABSTRACT

Cells, a fundamental unit of life, are an extremely valuable tool in cellular biology research. Cell culture comprises isolation of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable synthetic environment which supports their growth and provides essential nutrients. They help as a vital model system for studying physiological phenomenon and testing of biologically important compounds for use in medical treatments.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Cell culture is a method of cell line cultivation. In this process, the cells are taken from animal tissue. The cells directly cultivated from animal tissues are called as a primary culture. Cell culture involves the natural environment (in vivo) to further growth of a cell in the controlled artificial condition (in vitro). Nowadays various cell lines from various animals like humans, rats, and some other mammals, are cultured in the laboratory. Normally animal cell culture and bacterial culture are the same but some characteristic differences also exist between them. The animal cell cultures are sensitive to damage, more delicate, have a lower growth rate and require complex culture media along with some other supplement (Orlandelli et al., 2012).

Animal tissue culture cells are used for diagnostic and research purposes of different diseases especially concerned with the viral infections. Various types of human pathogens including viruses can be detected and identified. Experiments of Harrison, Carrel, and Lindbergh introduce HeLa cell culture. Selection of culture media is an important step in the cell culture. Culture media provides a favorable condition for growth, adhesion, proliferation, and cell survival. A list of scientists contributed in the field of cell culture technology and their contribution has been listed in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1 Contribution in Cell Culture Technology

S. No.	Year	Scientist	Contribution	References
1.	1887	Leo Loeb	Achieves cultured cells inside and outside of the body using “tissue culture in body” technique.
2.	1907	Ross Harrison	Cultured frog embryo nerve cells and monitored the development of fibers.	Harrison, 1910
3.	1910	Montrose Burrows	Cultured adult and embryonic tissue of dog
4.	1912	Alexis Carrel	Cultured connective tissue cells and showed contractility in heart muscle tissue	Carrel, 1912
5.	1913	Steinhardt, Israeli, and Lambert	Cultured vaccinia virus in the corneal tissue of guinea pig
6.	1916	Rous and Jone	Used trypsin to detach cells in culture disk
7.	1946; 1947	White, Fischer	Designed and developed a synthetic media for plant and animal cell culture	White, 1946
8.	1948	Katherine Sanford et al.	First time cloned the L-cells	Sanford et al., 1948
9.	1949	Enders, Weller, and Robbins	Grown Poliovirus in human embryonic cells in culture
10.	1952	George Gey	Established cancer cell line from HeLa cells	Gey, 1952
11.	1954	Abercrombie and Heaysman	Established contact inhibition between fibroblasts	Abercrombie and Heaysman, 1954
12.	1955	Harry Eagle	Defined media and described attachment factors and feeder layers	Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961
13.	1956	Little Field	Used hypoxanthin, aminopterin, thymidine medium for selection of cell selection
14.	1961	Hayflick and Moorhead	Established finite lifespan of normal human diploid cells	Eagle, 1959
15.	1962	Buonassisi	Developed method for the maintenance of tumor cell differentiation	Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961
16.	1968	David Yaffe	Worked on differentiation of normal myoblasts	Buonassisi et al., 1962
17.	1969	Augusti and Sato	Established neuroblastoma cells
18.	1973	Graham FL and van der Eb AJ	Introduced DNA in mammalian cell culture	Yaffe, 1968
19.	1975	Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein	Developed first hybridomal cell secreting monoclonal antibody
20.	1977	Genetech	Developed the first human recombinant protein somatostatin
21.	1985	Collen	Produced Bacterial recombinant growth hormone accepted for therapeutic use
22.	1997	Wilmut, Schnieke, and colleagues	Produced transgenic sheep by using mammalian cell culture and nuclear transfer technique	Wilmut et al., 1997
23.	2002	Clonei	Claimed the production of EVE (cloned human baby)
24.	2009	Nathalie Cartier-Lacave	Combined blood stem cell therapy with the gene therapy.
25.	2010	Freshney	Developed media for animal cell culture	Freshney, 1987
26.	2012	Maria Blasco	Established the first gene therapy against an aging
27.	2013	Brysek and co-workers	Developed media for animal cell...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Editor
• Contents
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Preface
• 1. An Introduction to Cell Culture
• 2. Animal Cell Culture
• 3. Bacterial Cell Culture
• 4. Potential Use of Cell Cultures
• 5. Principles of Clinical Biochemistry and Biochemical Analysis
• 6. Biochemical Aids to Clinical Diagnosis
• 7. Clinical Measurements and Quality Control
• 8. Cell Membrane Receptor
• 9. Mechanisms of Signal Transduction
• 10. Human Disease Drug Therapy and Drug Discovery
• 11. Drug Development: In Silico, In Vivo, and System Biology Approach
• 12. Drug Development: Drug Delivery Carriers and Clinical Trial
• 13. Role of Micro RNA in Prostate Cancer Therapy
• 14. Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Progression, and Therapeutic Targets of Liver Fibrosis: An Update
• 15. Prostate Cancer: Molecular Aspects, Biomarkers, and Chemo‑Preventive Agents
• 16. Overview of Tuberculosis Biomarkers: An Update
• Index