Advanced Food Analysis Tools

Biosensors and Nanotechnology

Rovina Kobun

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128205914
• eBook ISBN: 9780128223956
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Medical Microbiology & Parasitology

Advanced Food Analysis Tools: Biosensors and Nanotechnology provides the latest information on innovative biosensors and tools that are used to perform on-site detection tests. Food safety is a global health goal, with the food industry providing testing and guidance to keep the population safe. Food contamination is mainly caused by harmful substances and biological organisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites, which can all have a major impact on human health. The lack of specific, low-cost, rapid, sensitive and easy detection of harmful compounds has resulted in the development of the electrochemical technologies that are presented in this book. - Includes the most recent and innovative biosensor and nanotechnology for the food industry - Applies the most current trends in food analysis research - Presents opportunities for unique electrochemical tools to enhance performance

Chapter 1: Biosensor and nanotechnology

Abstract

Nowadays, nanotechnology has attracted a great deal of attention and captured the vivid imagination that can change our outlook and expectations by providing us with alternatives to solve global problems. Nanotechnology-driven strategies represent a revolutionary path to technological advancement, focusing on nanometer-scale materials with a wide range of real-world applications. Nanotechnology plays a significant role in growing technology, which involves developing innovative scale techniques from individual molecules or atoms to submicron dimensions that can produce new products, formulate different chemicals and materials, and improve the current instrument performance system. The integration of nanomaterials into biosensor systems leads to lower material and energy consumption, reduced environmental damage, and environmental remediation. It is a broad field of cross-disciplinary research that contributes to a basic knowledge related to the optical, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical characteristics of nanostructures that widely applicable to the next generation of functional materials. The discovery and use of carbon nanomaterials and nanostructure provide an alternative to research challenges that allowed the introduction of new technologies in many research areas. This chapter includes a summary of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and biosensors. It also summarizes existing knowledge of crucial aspects and emphasizes the application of biosensors and nanotechnology.

Keywords

Nanotechnology; Nanomaterials; Nanostructure; Biosensor; Bioengineering; Biotechnology; Materials application; Organic compound; Electrochemistry

Introduction

Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of study that plays a significant role in the advancement of biosensors. Nanotechnology-enabled products are increasingly ubiquitous and one of the most exciting future innovations that have led to a significant advancement in current nutrition and food sciences. It has already implemented some of its applications in analytical techniques and other technologies (Weiss, Takhistov, & McClements, 2006). In this new era, nanotechnology has a significant impact on many areas, particularly in the food industry, such as the advancement of novel food packaging materials into nanodelivery systems, along with analytical control of the entire food chain. Nanotechnology is an alternative technique because the increasingly urgent demand for new, fast, efficient, and accurate information on the quality and safety of food products has led to more selective and sensitive analytical methods (Hosnedlova, Sochor, Baron, Bjørklund, & Kizek, 2019; Peng, Zhang, Aarts, & Dullens, 2018).

Biosensors and nanotechnologies are evolving rapidly in current fields, including food, agricultural, biomedical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical sciences, as well as catalysis and environmental remediation. Biosensors are analytical devices that convert the biological response to electrical signals, which are considered promising devices because of their unique properties such as high sensitivity, ease of miniaturization, and fast response. The sensitivity and efficiency of biosensors are enhanced by the use of nanomaterials (NSMs) that have made it possible to implement a range of new signal transduction technologies in biosensors.

In recent years, the application of NSMs in sensor technology and the evolution of analytical tools has significantly increased the portability of the analytical instrument. Sensing techniques based on NSMs such as the employment of nanoparticles (NPs) and other nanostructures to improve efficiency and specificity measurement, as well as facilitate sample preparation (Bulbul, Hayat, & Andreescu, 2015). Portable tools capable of analyzing different elements due to their submicron dimensions, nanosensors, nanoprobes, and other nanosystems have made it possible to test in vivo easily and quickly (Jianrong, Yuqing, Nongyue, Xiaohua, & Sijiao, 2004). This widespread use of nanotechnology and biosensors continues to drive the need to consider potential relationships on human and environmental health to assure efficient advancement. This chapter reviews the general principles and application of biosensors and nanotechnology that influence different aspects of human life.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology can be defined as manufacture or technology that interacts with nanoscale materials and clusters of nanoscale matter in the various aspects of life that occur from a minimal scale range from specific atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions and the incorporation of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems (Bhushan, 2017; Gago, Llorente, Junquera, & Domingo, 2009). Nanotechnology involves interdisciplinary research, NSMs, and the use of physical, chemical, and biological processes in conjunction with material engineering, biotechnology, and industrial processing technology. Nanotechnology has now emerged as a multidisciplinary area in our society, where gaining a basic knowledge of the electrical, optical, magnetic, biological, medicinal, and mechanical properties of nanostructures expects to provide the next generation of functional materials with broad applications (Schaming & Remita, 2015). Due to their unique mechanical, optoelectronic, and physicochemical characteristics, NSMs can boost today’s technology or open the way for new technologies in different areas such as electrochemical biosensing (Howes, Chandrawati, & Stevens, 2014; Vasilescu, Hayat, Gáspár, & Marty, 2018).

Nanotechnology is a new and emerging innovation that introduces novel ways for developing new products, formulating new chemicals and materials, and updating current equipment generation with better performance equipment, leading in lower material and energy consumption and diminished environmental damage, and also promising environmental remediation (Thiruvengadam, Rajakumar, & Chung, 2018). Over the year, several new technologies focused on nanotechnology have been developed to detect a wide range of targets, such as infectious agents, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, drugs, and cancer cells. Nanotechnology represents an innovative road to technical advancement that relates to nanometer-scale material management. This has the power to transform our perspectives and perceptions and allow us to overcome global problems. The development and use of carbon NSMs have encouraged the development of many new fields like nanomedicine, biosensors, and bioelectronics technology. The application of nanotechnology may also provide approaches to technical and environmental problems in the fields of catalysis, medicine, solar energy conversion, and water treatment (Lv et al., 2018).

Moreover, nanotechnology has become one of the most important inventions and significant developments in reinventing the standard food science and food industry (He & Hwang, 2016). Nanotechnology devices have become extremely useful in biomedicine, and a hybrid science called nanobiotechnology has emerged (Saji, Choe, & Yeung, 2010). Therefore, nanotechnology offers a solution to environmental issues, steps to tackle the relevant issues of materials and energy exchange with the environment as well as potential risks associated with nanotechnology (Lee, Mahendra, & Alvarez, 2010). Nanotechnology has provided excellent tools that allow the processes to be defined in complex biological processes to a degree previously impossible. Nanotechnology has multidimensional impacts on society, which will undoubtedly be discussed for future decades (Baker, Brent, & Thomas, 2009).

Nanomaterials

NSMs are unequivocally classified as a material with an externally and internally dimensioned structure or surface of 100 nm and less. According to this concept, most of the substances around us will classify as NSMs, as nanoscale modulation of their internal structure (Buzea, Pacheco, & Robbie, 2007). They can derive either from combustion, manufacturing, or formed naturally. Many NSMs are NSMs engineered (EN) specifically for several consumer products and processes, some of which have been available for many years or decades (Alagarasi, 2013). The range of commercial products currently available is extensive, including fabrics, cosmetics, sunscreens, appliances, paints, and varnishes that are stain-resistant and wrinkle-free. Additionally, the large surface-to-volume ratio of NSMs is particularly useful in their use in the medical field, which enables cells and active ingredients to bind together.

NSMs composed of metal or nonmetal atoms are classified as metal, organic, or semi-conductive particles smaller than a micrometer. The morphological properties in at least one external dimension or with an internal nanoscale structure. In this way, NSMs, including NPs, nanowires, and nanotubes, have gained interest. NSMs used in nanobiosensors not only helped to deal with issues centered on the sensitivity and detection limit of the instruments but also increased the interfacial reaction due to enhanced immobilization of molecules for biorecognition (Bhattarai & Hameed, 2020).

Hybrid NSMs have lately been looked at as potential therapeutic p...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Chapter 1: Biosensor and nanotechnology
• Chapter 2: Biosensor and nanotechnology: Past, present, and future in food research
• Chapter 3: Detection of foodborne organisms: In the perspective of biosensors
• Chapter 4: Novel biosensors for detection of the parasite in food
• Chapter 5: Classification and application of nanomaterials for foodborne pathogens analysis
• Chapter 6: Extraction and analytical methods for the identification of parasites in food
• Chapter 7: Biosensor technology to detect chemical contamination in food
• Chapter 8: Nanotechnology-based optical biosensors for food applications
• Chapter 9: Electrochemical biosensors: State of the art and future perspectives in food analysis
• Chapter 10: Nanotechnology-based on microfluidic devices lab-on-a-chip for food analysis
• Chapter 11: Application of nanomaterials-based sensor for food analysis
• Subject Index