New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Recent Advances in Application of Fungi and Fungal Metabolites: Current Aspects

Joginder Singh Panwar, Praveen Gehlot, Joginder Singh

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128210055
• eBook ISBN: 9780128225578
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering presents an account of recent developments and applied aspects of fungi and its metabolites for human welfare. The fungi and its metabolites are employed in diverse fields of agri-food, biochemistry, chemical engineering, diagnostics, pharmaceuticals and medical device development. The book contains chapters by the eminent researchers working with fungi and fungal metabolites who explain their importance and potential in manifold prospects. The book includes a description of various fungal metabolites and their chemistry and biotechnology.- Highlights the latest developments surrounding the utilization of fungi and fungal metabolites- Overviews applied aspects of fungi and their metabolites for human welfare- Details the usage of fungi and their metabolites in diverse fields- Identifies the importance and potential of fungi and fungal metabolites in manifold prospects- Illustrates recent trends in fungal metabolite research using elaborate, expressive tables and figures with concise information

Chapter 1: Fungal metabolites: A recent trend and its potential biotechnological applications

Komal Agrawal; Pradeep Verma* Department of Microbiology, Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
^* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

At present, all sectors are diverting their interest toward biologically synthesized products via fungi as they are nonexhaustive and have immense applicability. Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have tremendous capability to produce various secondary metabolites that have both deleterious and beneficial effects. The production of beneficial secondary metabolites is in great demand in industry and in various biotechnological sectors. However, the cultures remain silent under laboratory conditions and production on a large scale to meet existing demand has been an issue. This can be overcome by the use of genomics, which will help in the detection as well as the production of high titers of the desired metabolites. Thus, this chapter deals with the various metabolites produced by fungi and their various biotechnological applications. In addition, limitations and future prospects are incorporated that will further broaden the understanding of fungal metabolites.

Keywords

Fungi; Metabolites; Mycotoxin; Genomics

Acknowledgements

PV is thankful to DBT (Grant BT/304/NE/TBP/2012; Grant BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012) and KA is thankful to the Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.

Competing interests

All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.

1.1: Introduction

The preference of natural over chemically synthesized products has led to an increase in the demand for natural products. As a result, new compounds are identified that have vast structural diversity and are a source of newly developed drugs (Chávez et al., 2015). The advantage of natural compounds exhibiting three-dimensional structures has enabled intensive and productive research toward the development of new molecules and novel methodologies in enantioselective organic synthesis. The other factor that has helped direct focus toward this is that natural compounds can meet the requirement of huge quantities of drugs in the future, as the organic synthesis of the compounds will be able to meet the needs for resupply of the compounds. This has been correctly stated as the “unmatched vehicle of discovery” (Barbero et al., 2018).

It has been estimated that out of the existing one million natural products, approximately 25% are biologically active products. Of that, approximately 60% of the products are plant-based and the rest are derived from microorganisms, of which approximately 42% are solely contributed by fungi. Thus, fungal cultures exhibit huge biological activities along with increased applications in various sectors (Demain, 2014). Fungal-extracted compounds are similar to the compounds extracted from plants in terms of structure as well as the mode of action. It is also known that the secondary metabolites produced by fungi are immense. So far, no study has been carried out to the point where it can be stated that this has been “exhaustively investigated” (Barbero et al., 2018) (Table 1.1). Thus, this chapter deals with various secondary metabolites produced by fungal cultures along with their applications as antitumor, anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial agents. Further, the limitations and future prospects associated with secondary metabolites are discussed.

Table 1.1

The various metabolites produced by fungi.

S. No.	Metabolite	Fungi	Reference
1	Agroclavine and festuclavine	P. roqueforti	Martín and Coton (2017)
2	Alternethanoxins	Alternaria sonchi	Evidente et al. (2009a)
3	Andrastins	Penicillium species	Matsuda et al. (2013)
4	Bisorbicillinoids	Trichoderma citrinoviride	Evidente et al. (2009b)
5	Cordycepin	Cordyceps	Ahn et al. (2000)
6	Cytochalasins	Rhinocladiella sp.	Wagenaar et al. (2000)
7	Fusicoccanes	Periconia sp.	Kim et al. (2004)
8	Fusarisetin A	Fusarium sp.	Jang et al. (2011)
9	Fructigenine A	Penicillium fructigenium	Takiguchi et al. (2010)
10	Ardeemins 7	Aspergillus fischerii	Karwowski et al. (1993)
11	Fumitremorgin C, demethoxyfumitremorgin C	Aspergillus fumigatus	Cui et al. (1996).
12	Gliotoxin and methylthiogliotoxin	Y90086 and Y80805	Lee et al. (2001)
13	Halenaquinones	Xestospongia cf. carbonaria	Alvi et al. (1993)
14	Mycophenolic acid	P. roqueforti	Lafont et al. (1979)
15	MPC1001	Cladorrhinum sp.	Tsumagari et al. (2004)
16	Communesins	Penicillium	Jadulco et al. (2004)
17	Chaetominine	Chaetomium sp. IFB-E015	Jiao et al. (2006)
18	Phaeosphaeride A	Phaeosphaeria avenaria	Maloney et al. (2006)
19	Oxaline	Penicillium spp.	Overy et al. (2005)
20	Neoxaline	Aspergillus japonicas	Sunazuka et al. (2008)
21	Penicillenols	Penicillium sp. GQ-7	Lin et al. (2008)
22	Oxaspirodion	Chaetomium subspirale	Rether et al. (2004)
23	Perybisin and macrosphelide	Periconia bissoides	Yamada et al. (2004)
24	Pintulin	Penicillium vulpinum	Mikami et al. (1996)
25	PR-Toxin	P. roqueforti	Wei et al. (1975)
26	Panepoxydone and cycloepoxydon	Panus conhatus	Umezawa (2006)
27	Roquefortines	P. roqueforti	Scott et al. (1976)
28	Sphaeropsidins and smardaesidins	Diplodia, Pestalotiopsis, Seiridium, and Sphaeropsis	Wang et al. (2011)
29	Sequiterpene and eurochevalierine	N. pseudofischeri	Eamvijarn et al. (2012)
30	TAN-1496 A–E	Microsphaeropsis sp. FL-16144	Funabashi et al. (1994)
31	Tryprostatins	Aspergillus fumigatus	Cui et al. (1996)

1.1.1: The synthesis of fungal metabolites

Fungal cul...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Fungal metabolites: A recent trend and its potential biotechnological applications
• Chapter 2: Fungal resources: Current utilization, future prospects, and challenges
• Chapter 3: Role of fungal secondary metabolites in plant protection
• Chapter 4: Recent advancement and biomedical applications of fungal metabolites
• Chapter 5: Thermophilic fungi: Diversity, physiology, genetics, and applications
• Chapter 6: Endophytic fungi: Novel source of bioactive fungal metabolites
• Chapter 7: Lichens: Fungal symbionts and their secondary metabolites
• Chapter 8: Lichen as nature’s basket full of bioactive compounds
• Chapter 9: Septin proteins and their role in fungi and yeast
• Chapter 10: Bioactive terpenoids from mushrooms
• Chapter 11: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Source of secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants
• Chapter 12: Endophytic fungal metabolites of medicinal plants and their bioactive properties
• Chapter 13: Bioactive natural products of endophytic fungal origin: Production, activity and biotechnology
• Chapter 14: Genus Penicillium: Advances and application in the modern era
• Chapter 15: Aspergillus terreus: Taxonomy, biology, and bioactive secondary metabolites with potential applications
• Chapter 16: Bioprospect potential of gasteroid mushrooms of the genus Astraeus
• Chapter 17: Chemical creativity of Termitomyces mushrooms
• Chapter 18: The role of antioxidants and ROS scavenging machinery in wild mushrooms
• Chapter 19: Mycotoxin metabolites of fungi
• Chapter 20: Mechanistic evaluation of bioremediation properties of fungi
• Index