Energy and Motorization in the Automotive and Aeronautics Industries

Tomasz Krysinski, François Malburet

• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN:
  9781786305725
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9781119777021
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Aeronautic & Astronautic Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

The book is intended for students in engineering school or university, young engineers or newcomers in the automotive industry or aeronautics. The objective is to describe in a simple and clear way the problem of energy and motorization for the automobile, helicopters or airplanes. The front-end treatment of these industrial sectors makes it possible to analyze in an original way the similarities and differences of these different means of transport. For this, and based on current technologies and tomorrow, it specifically describes the problem of the energy requirement of cars and aircraft. The result is a search for an ideal motorization associated with the behavior of these different means of transport followed by the analysis of the performances of the various types of engines by covering gas turbines, internal combustion engines and electric motors. Transmission elements such as aerospace gearboxes or gearboxes are described as well as a chapter on energy storage means and their performance including batteries, supercapacitors, inertial or pneumatic storage, hydrogen or fuels from fossil fuels. A final chapter shows the interest and prospects of energy hybridization and electrification for the progressive replacement of fossil fuels. Beyond the technological descriptions, the book focuses on proposing basic sizing rules in order to justify certain performances and to give the reader the means to appropriate the basic know-how of these industrial sectors.

1
Motorization and Reflection on Ideal Engines

The objective of this chapter is to show what the ideal engine should be for a helicopter-type rotary wing, then for an aircraft and finally for a car, freeing itself from engine technology and the type of energy, based on loads and power requirements.

This analysis will make it possible to compare the type of response provided by internal combustion engines, turbines or electric motors and, consequently, the power chain structures required for each mode of transportation.

1.1. Motorization for an aircraft

1.1.1. Helicopters

The conventional helicopter, as defined below, is equipped with a motorized main rotor, ensuring its lift and propulsion, and an anti-torque rotor. This is the most traditional configuration, but there are many other configurations that are not described here, such as helicopters with counter-rotating rotors or single-rotor helicopters with gas ejection through the tip of the blades [POU 07].

1.1.1.1. Determination of hover flight power

The study of ideal engines is carried out by analyzing the power required for certain flight configurations. This is unlike the automobile, which requires an analysis of the engine torque that is required according to the vehicle’s forward speed. The basis of this analysis for rotary wings comes from Froude’s theory.

1.1.1.1.1. Froude’s theory

British hydraulician, Raymond Edmund Froude, proposed a theory in 1889 providing an estimate of the power required to obtain the thrust of a ship’s propeller. This theory is the same one used by aircraft propeller and helicopter rotor designers [ROU 07]. It is used to describe the power balance of the operation of a rotor in hover flight and to estimate the velocity of the air passing through the rotor, which is known as Froude velocity. The assumptions are as follows:

– the air is supposed to be inviscid and incompressible;

– the flow can be considered as one dimensional, that is the velocity vector of the air set in motion by the rotor is always assumed to be parallel to the rotor axis and the modulus of this vector is constant in any section of the flow perpendicular to the rotor axis;

– the static pressure in the rotor environment is assumed to be constant, that is the barometric change between the upstream and downstream of the disc is not taken into account. A variation of 1 hectopascal, or 1 mbar every 28 ft, is considered, or about every 8.54 m at sea level in standard atmosphere.

With Froude’s theory and the above hypotheses, the rotor is considered as a system that modifies the kinetic energy of the fluid flowing through it by giving it velocity (Figure 1.1). It is assumed that the air passing through the rotor disc is located far upstream, at a zero V₀ velocity and far downstream, in a cylinder, at a uniform velocity noted V∞.

Figure 1.1. Froude’s theory. Diagram of flow and pressure. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/krysinski/automotive.zip

The fundamental principle of dynamics can then be applied to all the air in the BMCDNA c...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Foreword
• Preface
• Introduction Energy Issues Linked to Transportation Powertrains
• 1 Motorization and Reflection on Ideal Engines
• 2 Engine Technologies
• 3 Power Transmission Elements
• 4 Energy Storage
• 5 Hybridization
• References
• Index
• Other titles from ISTE in Systems and Industrial Engineering – Robotics
• End User License Agreement