Seismoelectricity is a ubiquitous natural phenomenon in the Earth with great potential to be utilized for scientific studies and for geophysical exploration. Put in the simplest terms, seismoelectricity occurs because seismic waves propagating through a porous, permeable medium induce fluid motion in the pores. The fluid contains ions; the ions in the fluid separate. One group of charged ions adheres to mineral surfaces around the pore wall leaving an access of free ions in the fluid. Seismic waves that induce the motion of the fluid also move the free ions and produce electrical current. The seismically induced “streaming current” is the source of seismoelectricity.
The seismoelectric phenomenon is fascinating both for its scientific significance but also for its potential applications to the Earth. Fluids play an important role in Earth’s crust, especially for determining its electrical properties. Seismic waves are most sensitive to elastic properties but not sensitive to fluid properties in the rocks. Seismic and electrical measurements, made separately, as is done in general practice, provide good information but cannot be correlated with the desired spatial resolution. Seismoelectrical measurements that combine both of these together focus directly to the source of conversion.
Seismoelectricity is a very broad field of study and it extends over physical, mathematical and earth sciences. Seminal papers in this field have been published in a wide spectrum of journals. This book, “Seismoelectric exploration: Theory, experiments and applications,” is a major contribution to the field. It provides a comprehensive overview of the seismoelectric phenomena. It contains 28 carefully selected articles representing a tremendous amount of work done by more than 60 authors. The papers are presented in four sections that cover the physical and theoretical aspects of seismoelectricity, laboratory measurements, numerical models and field data examples from earth observations.
The first section is on the theory. It includes the microscale origin of seismoelectric effects, electrokinetics, and streaming potential and the governing set of coupled seismo‐electromagnetic equations. This section also includes the Green’s functions for earthquake sources.
The twelve papers in Section 2 represent an impressive number of laboratory studies on various aspects of seismoelectricity. They include measurement of streaming potentials, seismoelectric coupling coefficients, effects of porosity, permeability anisotropy on seismoelectric conversion. Laboratory measurements in scaled‐down borehole models are also included.
Section 3 is devoted to the modeling of seismoelectric signals due to various seismic sources including surface sources and earthquakes. Both point sources and finite rupture models are used for modeling. Seismoelectric conversion at interfaces and scattering at heterogeneities are also included.
The Section 4 “Field experiments and applications” is an important part of the book. It extends seismoelectricity from purely theoretical, numerical and laboratory domains into the real earth field applications. The papers in this section cover topics such as design of field instrumentation, noise removal and data processing. Field examples include measurements in unconsolidated sediments for shallow exploration, studies of ice sheets and glaciers, and seismoelectric signals related to earthquakes.
The editors have done an excellent job in their selection of the 28 papers in this book from a field of thousands of articles. Many of these papers are cited in the references. I would like to take the liberty of listing a few references that deserve special attention at the end of this Foreword.
The editors of “Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments and Applications,” Niels Grobbe, André Revil, Zhenya Zhu and Evert Slob must be congratulated for producing such a comprehensive volume on this important subject. The book will be an excellent resource to faculty and graduate students and researchers in academia, industry and government agencies. The scope of electroseismicity is far broader than geophysics and earth sciences. It could be applicable in any field dealing with fluids in porous media that can be imaged with acoustic and electromagnetic waves. Such imaging is widely used in many fields including medicine.
M. Nafi Toksöz
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA, USA
12 August 2019