Nonstate Warfare

The Military Methods of Guerillas, Warlords, and Militias

Stephen Biddle

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780691216669, 9780691207513
• eBook ISBN: 9780691216652
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Military & Maritime History
• Index: Politics & International Relations

How nonstate military strategies overturn traditional perspectives on warfare

Since September 11th, 2001, armed nonstate actors have received increased attention and discussion from scholars, policymakers, and the military. Underlying debates about nonstate warfare and how it should be countered is one crucial assumption: that state and nonstate actors fight very differently. In Nonstate Warfare, Stephen Biddle upturns this distinction, arguing that there is actually nothing intrinsic separating state or nonstate military behavior. Through an in-depth look at nonstate military conduct, Biddle shows that many nonstate armies now fight more "conventionally" than many state armies, and that the internal politics of nonstate actors—their institutional maturity and wartime stakes rather than their material weapons or equipment—determines tactics and strategies.

Biddle frames nonstate and state methods along a continuum, spanning Fabian-style irregular warfare to Napoleonic-style warfare involving massed armies, and he presents a systematic theory to explain any given nonstate actor's position on this spectrum. Showing that most warfare for at least a century has kept to the blended middle of the spectrum, Biddle argues that material and tribal culture explanations for nonstate warfare methods do not adequately explain observed patterns of warmaking. Investigating a range of historical examples from Lebanon and Iraq to Somalia, Croatia, and the Vietcong, Biddle demonstrates that viewing state and nonstate warfighting as mutually exclusive can lead to errors in policy and scholarship.

A comprehensive account of combat methods and military rationale, Nonstate Warfare offers a new understanding for wartime military behavior.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Maps
• Preface
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Fallacy of Guerilla Warfare
• 3. Materially Optimal Behavior
• 4. Politically Achievable Behavior
• 5. Hezbollah in the 2006 Lebanon Campaign
• 6. The Jaish al Mahdi in Iraq, 2003–8
• 7. The Somali National Alliance in Somalia, 1992–94
• 8. The ZNG, HV, and SVK in the Croatian Wars of Independence, 1991–95
• 9. The Vietcong in the Second Indochina War, 1965–68
• 10. Conclusion and Implications
• Appendix
• Notes
• Index