Engineering Thermodynamics

Fundamental and Advanced Topics

Kavati Venkateswarlu

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780367646288
• eBook ISBN: 9781000291704
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Mechanics

This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamentals and advanced concepts of thermodynamics in a single volume.

It provides a detailed discussion of advanced concepts that include energy efficiency, energy sustainability, energy security, organic Rankine cycle, combined cycle power plants, combined cycle power plant integrated with organic Rankine cycle and absorption refrigeration system, integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plants, energy conservation in domestic refrigerators, and next-generation low-global warming potential refrigerants. Pedagogical features include solved problems and unsolved exercises interspersed throughout the text for better understanding.

This textbook is primarily written for senior undergraduate students in the fields of mechanical, automobile, chemical, civil, and aerospace engineering for courses on engineering thermodynamics/thermodynamics and for graduate students in thermal engineering and energy engineering for courses on advanced thermodynamics. It is accompanied by teaching resources, including a solutions manual for instructors.

FEATURES

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• Provides design and experimental problems for better understanding

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• Comprehensively discusses power cycles and refrigeration cycles and their advancements

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• Explores the design of energy-efficient buildings to reduce energy consumption

Property tables, charts, and multiple-choice questions comprise appendices of the book and are available at https://www.routledge.com/9780367646288.

1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Learning Outcomes

After learning this chapter, students should be able to

• Form a sound base for the development of the principles of thermodynamics with a thorough understanding of the definition of thermodynamics.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, process, state, cycle, and equilibrium.
• Demonstrate the knowledge of control volume and control mass for distinguishing the thermodynamic systems.
• Understand the principles of pressure-measuring devices and evaluate their merits and demerits.
• Demonstrate the knowledge of path function and point function.
• Understand the importance of thermodynamics in various fields of mechanical engineering such as heat transfer, combustion, refrigeration, air conditioning, and cryogenics.

1.1 Introduction to Thermodynamics

The formal study of thermodynamics started in the early 19th century in the application to convert heat into work, though the aspects of thermodynamics are quite old. Nowadays, its scope is much broader to provide solutions to a great diversity of problems in many fields, which involve the transfer of energy. The concepts of thermodynamics play a vital role in the present-day issues, such as effective usage of fossil fuels, development of renewable and new energy sources, and improvement of thermal system performance.

Thermodynamics is a branch of science and engineering. A scientist deals with the physical and chemical behavior of fixed quantities of matter and applies thermodynamic principles to relate the properties of matter, whereas an engineer deals with the design and analysis of systems and their interactions with the surroundings. Thermodynamics is thus the study of systems through which matter flows. That is the science of energy interactions and their effect on the surroundings. In daily life, more often we have a feeling of what energy is and it is defined as the ability to cause changes. The name thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which were used to describe the conversion of heat into power. The energy transformations occur in so many engineering applications such as power generation, refrigeration and air conditioning, and relationships among the properties of matter. In all the activities, there is certainly some interaction between energy and matter.

Engineering thermodynamics plays a vital role in the design of thermal systems. For example, for a steam power plant to generate the electric power, the steam turbine must produce a net work output to drive the generator. This is possible when the steam generated by the boiler expands in the turbine by rotating the rotor. For a specific net work output of the turbine, the parameters, such as the rate of steam flow, steam pressure, and speed of the rotor, require a thorough understanding of principles of thermodynamics in the design of a power plant.

Thermodynamics is also encountered in many aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some of its application areas. A person standing in a breezy room (exposed to the wind) loses heat in the form of thermal radiation; it is a common phenomenon related to thermodynamics that occurs in everyday life.

1.2 Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is defined as any quantity of matter or any region of space within a prescribed boundary on which we focus our attention for the purpose of analysis. It may be a simple device such as a small rotating fan or a combination of devices such as a large power plant. We can consider some quantity of matter contained in a closed cylinder or the flow of steam through a pipeline. The system may contain fixed matter or changing composition through chemical reactions. The volume of the system being analyzed may even change as the gas is compressed in a piston-cylinder arrangement. Everything external to the system is called surroundings. The system and its surroundings are distinguished by a specified boundary, which may be at rest or in motion. The system can interact with its surroundings in many ways and these interactions take place across its boundary. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system and its surroundings is called boundary.

Types of Systems

There are three kinds of thermodynamic systems: closed, isolated, and open. A closed system refers to a fixed quantity of matter and it is also called control mass, as mass cannot cross its boundary, only energy can cross. Examples of closed systems are air trapped in a piston-cylinder device and gas inside a closed balloon. An isolated system is the one in which neither energy nor mass can cross the boundaries of the system. It is a special case of closed system. Although it seems that a system that doesn’t interact with the surroundings has no significance, if the combination of two or more systems, interacting with each other, is surrounded by a boundary, then they can be regarded as an isolated system for the analysis. A thermos with a lid used to keep the things either cold or hot is an example of an isolated system since it doesn’t allow either mass or energy transfer across it. An open system, also called as control volume, is a region of space through which mass and energy can cross the boundaries of the system. Examples of open systems are air and fuel entering and exhaust gases leaving an internal combustion engine, and the engineering devices that involve mass flow such as turbines, compressors, and nozzles can be considered as control volume. Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3 show how the closed system, isolated system, and open system interact with their surroundings, respectively.

FIGURE 1.1 A closed system.

FIGURE 1.2 An isolated system.

FIGURE 1.3 An open system.

The control volume approach is used in the thermodynamic analyses of the systems that involve the mass flow such as turbines, compressors, pumps, and nozzles. A control volume is defined as a certain volume in space surrounding the system through which mass can cross. The surface which bounds the region is called the control surface. Figure 1.4 shows the control volume. The system boundary is frequently referred to as a control surface when the terms control mass and control volume are used.

FIGURE 1.4 An engine considered as a control volume.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Viewpoints

Thermodynamic systems are studi...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Author
• Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
• Chapter 2 Temperature: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Chapter 3 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
• Chapter 4 Properties of Pure Substances
• Chapter 5 First Law Analysis of Control Volumes
• Chapter 6 Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Chapter 7 Entropy
• Chapter 8 Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures
• Chapter 9 Concept of Available Energy (Exergy)
• Chapter 10 Vapor and Advanced Power Cycles
• Chapter 11 Gas Power Cycles
• Chapter 12 Refrigeration Cycles
• Chapter 13 Thermodynamic Relations
• Chapter 14 Psychrometry
• Chapter 15 Chemical Potential of Ideal Fermi and Bose Gases
• Chapter 16 Irreversible Thermodynamics
• References
• Index