Optimal Power Flow Using FACTS Devices

Soft Computing Techniques

L. Ashok Kumar, K. Mohana Sundaram

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780367565749
• eBook ISBN: 9781000284379
• Topic: Mathematics
• Subtopic: Physics
• Index: Mathematics

Optimal Power Flow Using FACTS Devices: Soft Computing Techniques develops intelligent algorithms to analyze optimal power flow (OPF) and to enhance the power transfer capability of the transmission line with reduced congestion. By providing elaborate studies on FACTS devices and by using soft computing metaheuristics algorithms such as Firefly, Cuckoo, Flower Pollination, and others., this book enables readers to know about algorithms in real-time power system applications and damping of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations.

Key features of this book include:

• Offers comprehensive review of FACTS devices and the importance of soft computing techniques for solving OPF.
• Describes the various problems associated with power system operation and control.
• Addresses issues of SSR in power systems and proposes soft techniques for SSR analysis in power systems.
• Demonstrates of the importance of SSR and congestion management using intelligent FACTS devices as part of OPF.
• Covers power systems' reliability, quality, cost-effectiveness, effects on customer goodwill, and pollution limits, including the deregulation of markets and different intelligent controllers.

Optimal Power Flow Using FACTS Devices: Soft Computing Techniques is aimed at researchers and professionals in the field of power systems.

1Introduction

Learning Outcome

1. To understand the basic terminologies behind power system network.
2. To learn about the power system stability.
3. To study about the power system deregulation.
4. To study about the FACTS controllers and their types.

1.1An Overview of Power Systems

The electrical system consists of the generation, transmission, and distribution as shown in Figure 1.1. Electricity generation is the conversion of one form of energy into electricity. Electricity is generated from nonrenewable sources such as hydro, thermal, and nuclear power stations and from renewable sources such as solar, wind, etc. The voltage generated is usually 6.6 kV, 10.5kV, 11 kV, 13.8 kV, 15.75 kV, etc. The bulk power is transmitted through the transmission system and power to the consumers through distribution systems.

Figure 1.1Electric power flow layout.

1.1.1Electrical System Components

The various features of the electrical system are shown in Figure 1.2 and are discussed below.

• Generators: Convert mechanical energy into electricity power
• Transformer: Step-up/step-down voltage from one end to another without change in frequency
• Transmission lines: Transmits power from one end to other
• Control equipment: To provide security to all operating equipment
• Primary transmission: 110 kV, 132 kV, or 220 kV or 400 kV or 765 kV transmission line by 3Ø 3-wire system
• Secondary transmission: 3Ø 3-wire system, using either 33 kV or 66kV feed
• Primary distribution: 3Ø 3-wire system, 11 kV or 6.6 kV
• Secondary distribution: 3Ø400 V, 1Ø230 V

Figure 1.2Structure of power system.

1.1.2Generators

A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generating voltages are 6.6 kV, 10.5 kV, or 11 kV, which can increase up to 110 kV/132 kV/220 kV at the generating side to reduce current in the transmission line and to reduce transmission losses. Generators generate real power (MV) and reactive power (MVAr).

1.1.3Transformers

It is a fixed instrument that transfers power from one region to another with constant frequency. The main function of transformers is to increase power from low generation levels to high generation levels and also decrease explosion rates from high power transmission rates to low transmission rates. When the transmission voltage is increased, the current flow of the grid decreases; thus the transmission loss (I²R) decreases.

1.1.4Control Equipment

Circuit Breaker is used to turn on and off the circuit under normal and abnormal conditions (fault). Various breakers are oil, air blast, vacuum, and SF6 circuit breakers. During the transfer the error status will enable the circuit breaker to operate.

Isolators are placed in substations to isolate the part of system during maintenance. It can operate only during no-load condition. Isolated switches are provided on each side of the circuit breaker.

Busbar connects various lines operating at the same voltage electrically. It is made of copper or aluminum. Various types of bus arrangements include single busbar, double busbar, ring busbar, etc.

1.1.5Transmission System

It supplies only ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Chapter 2 Major Issues and Constraints in Power Systems Using Traditional Methods
• Chapter 3 Particle Swarm Optimization Based Optimal Power Flow
• Chapter 4 Cuckoo Search Algorithm Based OPF
• Chapter 5 Firefly Algorithm Based OPF
• Chapter 6 Flower Pollination Algorithm Based OPF
• Chapter 7 Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm Differential Evolution (RGA-DE) Based OPF
• Chapter 8 Hybrid FPA-DE-Based OPF
• Chapter 9 SSSC and TCSC with Fuzzy Logic Controller for Damping SSR Oscillations
• Chapter 10 Fuzzy Logic Controlled TCSC and SSSC in Wind Power Integrated IEEE SBM System
• Chapter 11 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Strategy Controlled TCSC and SSSC in a Modified IEEE SBM System for Damping SSR Oscillations
• Index