Biotechnology of Penaeid Shrimps

Perspectives on Physiology of Growth, Reproduction and Disease Therapeutics

A.D. Diwan

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780367740733
• eBook ISBN: 9781000362503
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

The main objective of this book is to collect comprehensive information on various aspects of physiology and biotechnology focusing mainly on reproduction, growth, disease control and therapeutics of penaeid shrimps. The book covers fundamental aspects and few applied aspects of biotechnology concerning basic genomics and proteomics, reproduction, growth and disease control and therapeutics of shrimp. This information will be quite useful not only to the aqua-farmers/mariculture experts of the shrimp industry to augment quality shrimp production in captive condition but also to the faculties and students working in different organizations involved in teaching and research activities in shrimp biotechnology. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

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SECTION-II

REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3

PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

One of the major problems preventing optimization of the commercial culture of shrimp is the control of female reproduction, which is highly complex in penaeid shrimps (Chang 1992). It appears that a number of environmental signals can influence difference hormonal factors, which in turn regulate reproduction. The understanding of regulatory process of reproduction is an area of intense research (Adiyodi, 1985 and Charniaux-Cotton and Payen, 1988). Each animal species uses distinct environmental cues for timing its reproduction, has a full range of neuronal structures for perception of signals, and uses a complex neuroendocrine system for transduction of the messages to the endocrine organs, which themselves produce factors regulating the activity of the organs involved in reproduction (Van Herp 1992). Success depends on the optimal completion of each step in the reproductive cycle of the animals, but it is evident that the neuroendocrine factors play a predominant interactive role between the external factors such as photoperiodicity, temperature, nutrition, stress and internal organization of the animal. According to Van Herp (1992), the crustacean Aquaculture in the future needs the support of precise knowledge of the role and mode of action of external and internal factors controlling reproduction, in order to create a strong basis for the development of intensive Aquaculture. With the increasing knowledge of endocrine activity and its control over the gonadal development in crustaceans, the various techniques of endocrine manipulations for induced maturation of gonads are receiving great attention. In the past decade a vast amount of research has been directed towards the understanding of female reproduction in crustaceans. Studies on the breeding cycles of various penaeids have been extensively done by Cummings (1961), Subramoniam (1965), Rao (1968), Brown and Patlan (1974), Thomas (1974), Penn (1980), Kennedy and Barber (1981), Motoh (1981, 1985), Manasveta et al., (1993), Qunitio et al., (1993), and Susan et al., (1993). Most of the investigators, especially on the female reproduction, have used morphometric characters like colour changes in the ovary (King, 1948; Cummings, 1961; Brown and Patlan, 1974; Primavera, 1980; Motoh, 1985; Tanfermin and Pudadera, 1989) or gonadosomatic index (GSI) (Pillai and Nair, 1971; Thomas, 1974; O’connor, 1979; Quinn and Barbara, 1987; Lawrence and Castle, 1991) for the assessment of ovarian maturation. Histological investigations on the reproductive organs during the ovarian maturation in various penaeid shrimps have been done by various workers like Hudinaga (1942) in Penaeus japonicus, King (1948) in P. setiferus, Sheikhmahmud and Tambe (1958) in Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Cummings (1961) in Penaeus duorarum, Duronslet et al., (1975) in P. aztecus and P. setiferus, Anderson et al., (1984) in S. injentis, Tom et al., (1987) in P. longirostris, Yano (1988) in P. japonicus, Tanfermin and Pudadera (1989), and Qunitio et al., (1993) in P. monodon, and Mohammed and Diwan (1994) in P. indicus. However, ultrastructural investigations during the process of ovarian maturation are restricted to the studies of Duronslet et al., (1975) in P. aztecus and P. setiferus and Mohammed and Diwan (1994) in P. indicus. Vitellogenesis is the most intensely studied aspect in oogenesis in various crustaceans during the past two decades (Hinch and Cone, 1969; Lui et al., 1974; Komm and Hinch, 1985, 1987; Tom et al., 1987; Quackenbush, 1989; Young et al., 1993; Chang et al., 1994; Mohammed and Diwan, 1994; Chang and Shih, 1995 and Sagi et al., 1995). Still the site of vitellogenesis is a fact of great controversy among various crustaceans. According to Komm and Hinch (1987), an accurate evaluation of oogenesis and vitellogenesis requires a complete ultrastructural and biochemical investigation. However ultrastructural studies on the process of vitellogenesis are still fragmentary in crustaceans, and particularly in penaeids.

Until now studies on reproduction and its control in crustaceans have dealt with the female reproduction and not much attention has been paid to the males (Van Herp, 1992). Recent studies on the male reproduction in captivity revealed deterioration in the quality of semen (Leung-Trujillo and Lawrence, 1985, 1987; Alfaro and Lozano, 1993; Pratoomchat et al., 1993). In this respect full understanding of reproductive mechanism of male penaeids is essential for any manipulation of sperm. Reproductive anatomy of several penaeids have been described and figured by many investigators (Hudinaga, 1942; Eldred, 1958; Tirmizi and Khan, 1970; Huq, 1980; Vasudevappa, 1992; Mohammed and Diwan, 1994).

However, studies on the spermatogenesis of penaeid shrimps are less (King, 1948; Lu et al., 1973; Pochon-Masson, 1983; Adiyodi, 1983; Vasudevappa, 1992; Mohammed and Diwan, 1994) compared to other crustaceans. Many of such studies focus only on light microscopic investigations and attempts on ultrastructural studies are, however, meager. Similarly though few investigators have described the mechanism of spermatophore formation in various penaeids like P. kerathurus by Malek and Bawab (1974 a, b); P. indicus by Champion (1987) and Mohammed and Diwan (1994) and in M. dobsoni by Vasudevappa (1992) through light microscopy, there has been little published work at ultrastructural level (Ro et al., 1990) in P. setiferus and Chow et al., (1991) in P. setiferus and P. vannamei. It has been demonstrated that in decapod crustaceans, reproduction is under the control of hormonal factors viz. the GIH and GSH produced from the various endocrine centres. The neuroendocrine regulation of crustacean reproduction has been reviewed by Legrand et al., (1982), Payen (1986), Fingerman (1987), Charniaux-Cotton and Payen (1988), Meusy and Payen (1988), Van Herp and Payen (1991), Diwan (2005) and Shweta et al., (2011). The morphology and histology of crustacean endocrine system have been studied by Carlisle and Knowles (1959), Nagabhushanam et al., (1992) and Mohammed et al., (1993) and X-organ sinusgland complex by Dall (1965 a), Nakamura (1974), Madhystha and Rangnekar (1976), Gynanath and Sarojini (1985), Nanda and Ghosh (1985) and Mohammed et al., (1993). Different types of neurosecretory cells and different stages of secretion have been mentioned in the reports of Durand 1956, Peryman, (1969), Diwan and Nagabhushanam et al., (1974) Ro et al., (1981), Decaraman and Subramoniam (1983) and Joshi (1987) and Mohammed et al., (1993) and X-organ sinus gland complex by Dall (1965 a), Nakamura (1974), Madhystha and Rangekar (1976), Gynanath and Sarojini (1985), Nanda and Ghosh (1985) and Mohammed et al., (1993). However, a detailed description of the various phases of neurosecretion in relation to reproduction has been there only in very few reports (Gynanath and Sarojini 1985 and Mohammed et al., 1993).

Endocrine control of reproduction has been investigated with a wide variety of crustaceans. However, the actual mechanism and hormones working, behind reproduction have not been properly revealed in any crustaceans (Fingerman, 1987), but eyestalk factors have been held responsible by many (Aoto and Nishida, 1956; Demeusy, 1967; Rengnekar and Deshmukh, 1968; Diwan and Nagabhushanam, 1974; Quackenbush and Herrkind, 1981; Fingerman, 1987; Mohammed and Diwan, 1991; Van Herp, 1992) in controlling this process. However, a second reproductive hormone found in the brain and thoracic ganglia has been attributed the role of gonad stimulation by Otsu 1960, Gomez (1965), Oyama (1968), Nagabhushanam et al., (1982), Eastman-Recks and Fingerman (1984), Mohammed and Diwan (1991), Yano (1992) and Yano and Wyban (1992). In this regard cytological ultrastructural studies of gonads and neuroendocrine masses can give some clues to unravel the mechanism of reproduction. But, unfortunately such studies are meager in crustaceans and lacking in penaeids. The most successful technique for inducing maturation in captivity has been the removal of the eyestalk which is the site of GIH and this has been applied to various penaeids by many investigators with varying degrees of success (Arnstein and Beard, 1975; Alikunhi et al., 1975; Aquacop, 1975; Muthu and Laxminarayana, 1979; Lumare, 1979; Emmerson, 1980; Kulkarni and Nagabhushanam, 1980; Primavera, 1982; Chamberlain and Gervais, 1984; Chow, 1987; Wyban, et al., 1987 and Mohammed and Diwan, 1991). Similarly advancement in the ovarian stages were demonstrated by the administration of thoracic ganglion extracts by Otsu (1960), Oyama (1968), Hinch and Bennet (1979), Nagabhushanam and Kulkarni (1982), Eastman-Recks and Fingerman (1984), Takayanagi et al., (1986) and Yano (1992), by the administration of brain extract by Nagabhushanam and Kulkarni (1982) and Yano and Wyban (1992) and by extract of central nervous organs (brain and thoracic ganglion) by Mohammed and Diwan, (1991). Junera et al., (1977) first proposed that a vitellogenic stimulating ovarian hormone was present in the ovary of amphipod, Orchestia gammarella. Since then, progesterone (Kulkarni et al., 1979; Yano, 1985) and 17-alpha hydroxy progesterone (Nagabhushanam et al., 1980; Yano, 1987; Tsukimura and Kamemoto, 1988 and Koskela et al., 1992) have been tried to accelerate gonad development with various degrees of success.

From the foregoing literature it was found that among these various techniques for the induction of gonads in captive shrimps, only eyestalk ablation has been tried successfully in P. monodon by various investigators. Further it is needed that the percentage of animals getting matured and spawned by this technique of eyestalk ablation in captive P. monodon are still low in our country and problems are more acute especially in areas where the natural population of this species is comparatively less. The successful cryopreservation of viable gametes would open new perspectives in any culture operations. Many attempts have been made to cryopreserve the spermatozoa of aquatic vertebrates, mainly fishes. However, less attention has been paid on invertebrates. The various attempts on cryopreservation in invertebrates include, the reports of Sawada and Chang (1964)...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Section-I: Basics
• Section-II: Reproductive Biotechnology
• Section-III: Growth Physiology and Biotechnology
• Section-IV: Disease Control and Therapeutics
• Subject Index