Energy Calculations and Problem Solving Sourcebook

A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam

Scott Dunning, Larry S. Katz

• Publisher: Fairmont Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000355154
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

Based on the Body of Knowledge, this book is designed to serve as a practical guide for energy professionals preparing to take AEE's Certified Energy Manager® (CEM®) examination. The reference presents an overview of the specific areas of expertise referenced in the current Body of Knowledge in a guided preparatory format, including detailed, specifically targeted reference materials. The full scope of energy calculations and problem solving strategies which must be mastered are presented, covering relevant codes and standards, energy accounting and economics, electrical, lighting and HVAC systems, motors and drives, industrial systems, building envelope, building automation and control systems, renewable energy, boiler and steam systems, thermal storage, maintenance, commissioning, alternative financing, and much more. Green Building, LEED and Energy Star programs are also addressed. The appendix provides a broad range of useful reference tables, as well as mathematical formulas specific to each specific area of energy management addressed. While aimed at those taking the ANSI-certified CEM exam, this text is also an excellent reference to be used throughout an energy manager's professional career.

Chapter 1

Codes and Standards

INTRODUCTION

Energy managers need to be aware of applicable codes and standards related to their working environment. While the Certified Energy Manager exam does not cover all possible government codes and standards, it has identified those certain items that it deems important for all energy managers to understand. The list of items are:

Codes and Standards Subject Topics

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2012

ISO 50001

IEC and IEEC Codes

ASHRAE Standard 90.2

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Model Energy Code

ASHRAE Standard 135-2008

Energy managers will typically maintain a reference library with full documentation on each applicable code and standard. While it is not expected that individuals will memorize complete details, a general knowledge of the background behind each item is expected. We have selected key information that highlights the key aspects of standards and codes.

Recall that standards are voluntary guidelines and recommendations established by professional and technical organizations. Codes are legal requirements established by governmental agencies. Typically, standards are written in language such that they can easily be included as part of government codes.

ASHRAE

(American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers)

1. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 - 2012

ASHRAE Energy Standard for Buildings (except low-rise residential buildings).

• US standard that provides minimum requirements for energy efficient designs for buildings except for low-rise residential buildings.

• Many states apply the ASHRAE 90.1 standard to different buildings being constructed or under renovation. Most states apply the standard or equivalent standards for all commercial buildings while others apply the standard or equivalent standards for all government buildings.

• Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and ANSI are participating societies.

ASHRAE 90.1 covers:

• Buildings

• Building envelope

• Mechanical and lighting systems (majority)

• New buildings being constructed

• Additions/alterations to existing buildings and their systems

ASHRAE 90.1 does not cover:

• Single family homes

• Multifamily of three stories or less homes

• Manufactured or modular homes

• Buildings that do not use electricity or fossil fuels

• Equipment and building systems that are used for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial purposes

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Elements Covered:

• Envelope

— Requirements defined by type of building

• Non-residential conditioned space

• Residential conditioned space

• Semi-heated space

— Insulation

— Fenestration

— Doors

— Air Leakage

— Roof

— Walls

— Floor

• HVAC

• Hot Water

• Lighting—lighting power density

• ASHRAE/IES 90.1 Lighting Power Allowances using the Building Area Method

ASHRAE 90.1 Industrial Processes Energy Elements Covered (added in 2013):

• Building Envelope include skylights, solar reflectance, thermal emittance, air barriers, and solar orientation

• Economizers for data centers (2011)

• Revisions affect the maximum:

— Fan power limits

— Pump head calculation

— Chilled water pipe sizing

— Radiant panel insulation

— Single-zone Variable Air Volume (VAV) Equipment

— Supply air temperature reset

• HVAC

— Energy recovery is required for many more HVAC systems.

— Several reheat exceptions were eliminated or modified

— Restrictions were placed on overhead air heating

— Economizer requirements were added for more climate zones and smaller systems

• Lighting

— Light Power Densities (LPD) dropped slightly on average

— Daylighting and associated lighting control requirements were added

— Many lighting control requirements were added, including independent functional testing of lighting controls, occupancy and vacancy controls, exterior lighting controls, and whole-building shutoff

— Offices and computer classrooms now require 50 percent of 120V receptacles to be automatically switched

• Requirements were added for service water booster pumps and elevators.

• Revised, stricter opaque element and fenestration requirements at a reasonable level of cost-effectiveness

• Revised equipment efficiencies for heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), single package vertical heat pumps and air conditioners (SPVHP and SPVAC), and evaporative condensers

• New provisions for commercial refrigeration equipment and improved controls for heat rejection and boiler equipment

• Improved requirements for expanded use of energy recovery, small-motor efficiencies, and fan power control and credits

• Improved equipment efficiencies for chillers

• A new alternate compliance path to Section 6, “Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning,” for computer room systems, developed with ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 9.9.

The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a tax deduction for energy-efficient commercial buildings based on meeting Minimum Requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001. The tax ...