In Pursuit of Ancient Cyrenaica...
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In Pursuit of Ancient Cyrenaica...

Two hundred years of exploration set against the history of archaeology in Europe (1706–1911)

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eBook - PDF

In Pursuit of Ancient Cyrenaica...

Two hundred years of exploration set against the history of archaeology in Europe (1706–1911)

About this book

This work examines travellers' accounts of their journeys to Cyrenaica, focusing in the main on an analysis of these accounts within the context of their significance to topographic surveys of the region. The dates given in the title symbolically mark their beginning and end. The starting date (1706) is that of the first journey across Cyrenaica that led to the writing of the first account extensive enough to be the subject of detailed analysis. The end date (1911) marks the beginning of the Italian occupation of Libya, when responsibility for archaeology was entrusted to the greatest Italian specialists of the period. Travelogues were replaced by scholarly studies featuring both well-known and newly discovered sites, while amateur descriptions and drawings were replaced by professional analysis and documentation. The main protagonists of the book are people who travelled to Cyrenaica or stayed there for some time, people of a variety of ages and sorts: physicians and an engineer, priests, soldiers and diplomats, artists and adventurers, scholars and archaeologists. They differed considerably in their education, personalities, itineraries and objectives of their journeys, their wealth and personal circumstances. What they did have in common was great curiosity and courage, love of adventure and the ability to survive in harsh and dangerous conditions – compensated for by unusual discoveries – and, finally, an interest in ancient ruins, which for the purpose of this book is what makes their accounts valuable.

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Yes, you can access In Pursuit of Ancient Cyrenaica... by Monika Rekowska, Anna Kijak in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Social Sciences & Archaeology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Information

Publisher
Archaeopress
Year
2016
Print ISBN
9781784913205
eBook ISBN
9781784913212
Topic
Social Sciences
Subtopic
Archaeology
Index
Social Sciences

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Copyright Information
  3. Dedication
  4. Contents
  5. List of Figures
  6. Acknowledgements
  7. Introduction
  8. (18th century – early 20th century)
  9. Chapter I
  10. Selected topics
  11. The History of Archaeological Interests in Europe
  12. Chapter II
  13. The History of Travels to Cyrenaica Against the Panorama of Libya (18th – 19th Centuries)
  14. Travellers in Cyrenaica
  15. 1. Map of Cyrenaica, early 19th century
  16. Carta geografica per service d’inteligenza al Viaggio del Dottore Della Cella da Tripoli al Golfo di Bomba
  17. Della Cella 1819: pl. 1.
  18. 2. Map of Cyrenaica, mid-19th century
  19. Robert. M. Smith, Edwin A. Porcher, General map of Cyrenaica, 1860/1861
  20. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 1.
  21. 3. Map of Cyrenaica, late 19th century
  22. Carlo Pedrone, Cirenaica. Tracciato topografico degli Itinerari percorsi dai Viaggiatori [...] signori cap. M. Camperio e comme. Haimann [...] 1881
  23. Haimann 1881: pl. 4.
  24. Chapter III
  25. The Topography of Ancient Sites
  26. 4. Benghazi, plan, 1821/1822
  27. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before p. 281.
  28. Frederick W. Beechey, Plan of the port and neighbourhood of Bengazi
  29. 5. Benghazi, plan, 1860/1861
  30. Edwin A. Porcher, Ben Ghazi
  31. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 1.
  32. 6. Benghazi, view of the quayside, Turkish fortress in the background, 1861
  33. Edwin A. Porcher, General view of the town
  34. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 3 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 102.
  35. 7. Benghazi, view of the modern port buildings on the place of the Turkish fortress, 2008
  36. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  37. 8. Travellers to Taucheira (by M. Rekowska).
  38. 9. Taucheira, plan, 1821/1822
  39. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before p. 339.
  40. Frederick W. Beechey, Plan of the city of Teuchira
  41. 10. Taucheira, plan, 1824/1825
  42. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Enceinte de l’ancienne ville de Teuchira
  43. Pacho 1829: pl. LXXXVII.
  44. a. Bassins taillĂ©s dans la roche et creusĂ©s Ă  leurs parois en grottes sĂ©pulcrales; b. Grande tour au centre de laquelle est un puits; c. Tours quadrangulaires qui servaient Ă  dĂ©fendre la ville; d. CĂŽtĂ© de l’enceinte qui cĂŽtoie les bords de la mer ; il est
  45. 11. Taucheira, plan, 1860/1861
  46. Edwin A. Porcher, Taukrah or Teuchira
  47. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 1.
  48. 12. Taucheira, plan, 1911
  49. Federico Halbherr, Pianta di Tokra
  50. Oliverio 1931: 242.
  51. 13.Taucheira, decumanus, Eastern Gate on the right, 2009
  52. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  53. 14. Coast in Taucheira, Turkish fortress on the place of acropolis in the background, 2009
  54. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  55. 15. Inscriptions from Taucheira copied by Pacho, 1824/1825
  56. 16. Inscriptions in Taucheira, 2009
  57. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Inscriptions trouvées à Teuchira
  58. Pacho 1829: pl. LXXXI.
  59. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  60. 17. Taucheira, marble pilaster with floral ornament, 1824/1825
  61. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Colonnes et chapiteaux de divers temples de la Cyrénaïque
  62. Pacho 1829: pl. XXVII.6.
  63. 18. Taucheira, architectural elements, 2009
  64. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  65. 19. Taucheira, Eastern Basilica, 2009
  66. 20. Taucheira, Late Roman fortress in the foreground, gymnasium and Byzantine baths in the background, 2009
  67. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  68. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  69. 21. Taucheira, Eastern quarry with tombs, 2006
  70. 22. Taucheira, view of the city from the east, necropolis in the quarry in the foreground, ruins of the city in the background, 1860/1861
  71. BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 105.
  72. Edwin A. Porcher, General appearance of the walls
  73. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  74. 23. Taucheira, a rock-cut tomb, 1860/1861
  75. BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 106.
  76. Edwin A. Porcher, Interior of the only painted tomb
  77. 24. Travellers to Ptolemais
  78. by M. Rekowska.
  79. 25. Ptolemais, plan, 1821/1822
  80. 26. Ptolemais, plan, 1860/1861
  81. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before 339.
  82. Edwin A. Porcher, Tolmeita or Ptolometa
  83. Frederick W. Beechey, Plan of the city of Ptolemeta
  84. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 1.
  85. 27. Ptolemais, plan, 1911
  86. Federico Halbherr, TolmĂšta (pianta)
  87. Oliverio 1931: 254.
  88. 28. Ptolemais, Western section of walls, Taucheira Gate in the background, 2008
  89. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  90. 29. Ptolemais, system of dams at the foot of jabal, aerial photo with outline of walls drawed by Beechey, 2008
  91. photo by M. Bogacki, featured by W. MaƂkowski, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  92. 30. Ptolemais, Taucheira Gate, 1824/1825
  93. 31. Ptolemais, Taucheira Gate, 1860/1861
  94. Edwin A. Porcher, Gateway in the western wall of Ptolemais
  95. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue des ruines de la Porte Occidentale de Ptolémaïs
  96. Pacho 1829: pl. LXVIII.
  97. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 51.
  98. 32. Ptolemais, Taucheira Gate, view from the west, 2009
  99. 33. Ptolemais, Taucheira Gate, view from the east, 2009
  100. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  101. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  102. 34. Ptolemais, bridge at wadi Ziwana, 2009
  103. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  104. 35. Ptolemais, bridge at wadi Ziwana, 1821/1822
  105. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 3.
  106. Frederick W. Beechey, Remains of an ancient bridge at Ptolemeta
  107. 36. Ptolemais, bridge at wadi Ziwana, 1881
  108. 37. Ptolemais, bridge at wadi Ziwana, 2008
  109. Camperio 1881: 64.
  110. Manfredo Camperio, Ruine di un ponte romano a Tolometa
  111. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  112. 38. Ptolemais, view of the coast with promontory on the left, 2009
  113. by M. Bogacki,© Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  114. 39. Ptolemais, relics of port, islands’ quarries, 2008
  115. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  116. 40. Ptolemais, Square of the Cisterns, 1821/1822
  117. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 5.
  118. Frederick W. Beechey, Remains of an Ionic building at Ptolemeta
  119. 41. Ptolemais, Square of the Cisterns, view from the south, 1824/1825
  120. 42. Ptolemais, Square of the Cisterns, view from the west, 1860/1861
  121. Edwin A. Porcher, Remains of an Ionic building at Ptolemais
  122. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue des ruines d’un temple Ă  PtolĂ©maĂŻs
  123. Pacho 1829: pl. LXVIII.
  124. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 50 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 135.
  125. 43. Ptolemais, Square of the Cisterns, Hellenistic inscription (CIG 5184)
  126. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  127. 44. Ptolemais, Square of the Cisterns, view from the south, remains of the port in the background, 2009
  128. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  129. 45. Ptolemais, Plan of Square of the Cisterns with marked openings, 1824/1825
  130. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan des ruines d’un temple, situĂ© Ă  PtolĂ©maĂŻs
  131. Pacho 1829: pl. LIX.
  132. 46. Ptolemais, Chamber of cisterns, 2009
  133. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  134. 47. Ptolemais, the aqueduct running to Square of the Cisterns, 2009
  135. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  136. 48. Ptolemais, ‘larger’ theatre and its surroundings: fragment of the Beecheys’ plan on the satellite photo, 2010
  137. featured by W. MaƂkowski, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  138. 49. Ptolemais, ‘smaller’ theatre, 2008
  139. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  140. 50. Ptolemais, Fortress of the Dux, plan, 1824/1825
  141. 51. Ptolemais, Forteress of the Dux, 2009
  142. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan d’une ancienne caserne de la mĂȘme ville
  143. Pacho 1829: pl. LIX.2.
  144. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  145. 52. Edict of Anastasius from the Fortress of the Dux at Ptolemais copied by Pacho, 1824/1825
  146. 53. Ptolemais, Western Basilica, 1821/1822
  147. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 6.
  148. Frederick W. Beechey, Remains of an early Christian church at Ptolemeta
  149. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Inscription gravée sur une caserne antique à Ptolémaïs
  150. Pacho 1829: pl. LXXIII.
  151. 54. Ptolemais, Western Basilica, 2009
  152. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  153. 55. Ptolemais, Via Monumentale, the ruins of triumphal arch in the foreground, 2009
  154. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  155. 56. Ptolemais, Western necropolis, the Mausoleum in the foreground
  156. 57. Ptolemais, plan and northern façade of Mausoleum, 1824/1825
  157. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before 339.
  158. Henry William Beechey, Remains of an Ancient Mausoleum at Ptolemeta
  159. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan, coupe intĂ©rieure et details du grand tombeau situĂ© Ă  l’ouest de PtolĂ©maĂŻs
  160. Pacho 1829: pl. LXXI.
  161. 58. Ptolemais, plan of Mausoleum, 1860/1861
  162. Edwin A. Porcher, Plan of a conspicuous Tomb on the western side of the city
  163. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 53.
  164. 59. Ptolemais, the Mausoleum, 2009
  165. 60. Ptolemais, the Western necropolis, Mausoleum in the foreground, 2009
  166. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  167. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  168. 61. Ptolemais, the Eastern necropolis, 2009
  169. by M. Bogacki, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  170. 62. Ptolemais, tombs in the Eastern necropolis, 2008
  171. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  172. 63. Qasr Beni Gdem, 2008
  173. 64. Qasr Beni Gdem, 1824/1825
  174. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue du chùteau de Bénégdem, situé sur la route de CyrÚne à Ptolémaïs
  175. Pacho 1829: pl. LXVIII.
  176. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  177. 65. Qasr Beni Gdem, 1860/1861
  178. Edwin A. Porcher, Encampment near a Roman fortress (Gussr Biligadem)
  179. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 8.
  180. 66. Massah, plan, 1909
  181. Norton 1911b: pl. 40.
  182. Richard Norton, Messa
  183. 67. Massah, the tomb-temple, 2008
  184. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  185. 68. Massah, the rock-cut tombs, 2008
  186. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  187. 69. Travellers in Cyrene
  188. by M. Rekowska.
  189. 70. Cyrene, plan, 1811
  190. 71. Cyrene, plan, 1821/1822
  191. Agostino Cervelli, Plan de CyrĂšne
  192. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before p. 405.
  193. Cervelli 1825: pl. II.6.
  194. Frederick W. Beechey, Position and plan of Cyrene
  195. 72. Cyrene, plan, 1860/1861
  196. 73. Cyrene, plan, 1895
  197. Edwin A. Porcher, Robert M. Smith, Plan of Cyrene
  198. Herbert Weld Blundell, Plan of Cyrene
  199. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 40.
  200. Weld Blundell 1906: pl. IV.
  201. 74. Cyrene, entrance to the cave with the spring, 1860/1861
  202. Edwin A. Porcher, Fountain of Apollo
  203. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 12 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  204. 75. Cyrene, entrance to the cave with spring, 2010
  205. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  206. 76. Cyrene, Sanctuary of Apollo and cave with the spring in the background, 1821/1822
  207. 77. Cyrene, Sanctuary of Apollo, entrance to the cave with the spring in the background, 1860/1861
  208. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 13.
  209. Edwin A. Porcher, Western hill of Cyrene with entrance to the Fountain of Apollo
  210. Frederick W. Beechey, Entrance to the Fountain of Apollo at Cyrene
  211. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 11 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  212. 78. Cyrene, Sanctuary of Apollo, view from the east, 2010
  213. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  214. 79. Cyrene, the theatre-amphitheatre, view from the north, 2009
  215. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  216. 80. Cyrene, the Agora, view from the east, 2010
  217. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  218. 81. Cyrene, Caesareum, podium of a small temple in the foreground, 2010
  219. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  220. 82. Cyrene, ‘temple of Caesar’ and spot where statua loricata was found, 1824/1825
  221. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan des ruines de CyrÚne levée en 1825
  222. Pacho 1829.
  223. 83. Cyrene, Temple of Aphrodite, plan and cross-section, 1860/1861
  224. Edwin A. Porcher, Plan of the temple of Venus situated to the south-west of the Temple of Bacchus
  225. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 57 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  226. 83. Cyrene, statua loricata found south of the Caesareum, 1824/1825
  227. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Torse colossal en marbre, parmi les ruines de CyrĂšne
  228. Pacho 1829: pl. LIX.
  229. 85. Cyrene, Theatre 2, Caesareum in the background on the right, 2009
  230. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  231. 86. Cyrene, Temple of Zeus, 2010
  232. 87. Cyrene, Temple of Zeus, plan, 1860/1861
  233. Edwin A. Porcher, Plan of the large temple near the stadium of Cyrene
  234. Smith and Porcher, pl. 55 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  235. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  236. 88. Cyrene, ‘small temple’, plan, 1860/1861
  237. Edwin A. Porcher, Plan of the smaller temple near the stadium
  238. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 56 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  239. 89. Cyrene, Eastern Basilica, 1860/1861
  240. Edwin A. Porcher, Ruins of the Christian city of Cyrene
  241. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 29.
  242. 90. Cyrene, Southern necropolis, 1811
  243. Agostino Cerveli, Tombeau de CyrĂšne, long de six brasses, et large de deux et demie
  244. Cervelli 1825: pl. I.5.
  245. 91. Cyrene and its necropoleis, plan, 1821/1822
  246. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before p. 405.
  247. Frederick W. Beechey, Plan of the ruins and environs of Cyrene
  248. 92. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, tombs N. 66 and N. 84, plan, 1821/1822
  249. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan d’un hypogĂ©e sepulchral, dit KennisiĂšh (les Églises) faisant partie de la nĂ©cropolis de CyrĂšne
  250. Pacho 1829: pl. LXI.
  251. 93. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, tombs N. 66 and N. 84, view, 1860/1861
  252. Edwin A. Porcher, Tombs (called by the Arabs “Kinnisieh”) in the Northern Necropolis
  253. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 26 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  254. 94. Cyrene, northern necropolis, decoration of tomb N. 83, 1824/1825
  255. Jean-Raimond Pacho, IntĂ©rieur d’une grotte, sĂ©pulcrale chrĂ©tienne: nĂ©cropolis de CyrĂšne
  256. Pacho 1829: pl. LV.
  257. 95. Decoration of tomb N. 83, 1860/1861
  258. 96. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, tombs N. 2-N. 9, plan and façade, 1824/1825
  259. Edwin A. Porcher, Interior of a tomb in the Northern Necropolis
  260. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Plan et coupe des hypogées
  261. Pacho 1829: pl. XXXVIII.
  262. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 17 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  263. 97. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, tombs N. 2-N. 10, 1860/1861
  264. 98. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, N. 2-N. 9, 2009
  265. Edwin A. Porcher, Range of tombs in the Northern Necropolis of Cyrene
  266. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 16 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  267. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  268. 99. Cyrene, Northern necropolis, N. 8, 2009
  269. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  270. 100. Travellers in Apollonia
  271. by M. Rekowska.
  272. 101. Apollonia, plan, 1821/1822
  273. 102. Apollonia, plan, 1860/1861
  274. Beechey and Beechey 1828: unnumbered plate before p. 467.
  275. Edwin A. Porcher, Plan of Marsa Souzah, ancient Apollonia
  276. Frederick W. Beechey, Plan of the port and city of Apollonia
  277. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 1.
  278. 103. Apollonia, view of the city from the east, 1860/1861
  279. Edwin A. Porcher, Eastern city wall and ruins of Apollonia
  280. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 45.
  281. 104. Apollonia, theatre, 1824/1825
  282. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Ruines du quai d’Apollonie
  283. Pacho 1829: pl. XXVIII.
  284. 105. Apollonia, theatre, cavea, the defensive wall in the background, 2009
  285. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  286. 106. Apollonia, residential complex in the centre, 2009
  287. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  288. 107. Apollonia, columns of Central Basilica, 2009
  289. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  290. 108. Apollonia, Eastern Basilica, 2010
  291. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  292. 109. Apollonia, necropolis, city’s wall in the background, 1824/1825
  293. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue de Marsah-Souza, ancient port de CyrĂšne
  294. Pacho 1929: pl. XXVI.
  295. 110. Safsaf, The Roman cistern, 2010
  296. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  297. 111. Safsaf, the interior of the cistern - blocks with mason’s marks, 2010
  298. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  299. 112. Safsaf, plan and buildings, 1811
  300. Agostino Cervelli, Edifice carrĂ© Ă  Safsaf [...]; MoitiĂ© d’un rĂ©sĂ©rvoir ou citerne, situĂ© au nord de Safsaf et dirigĂ© de l’est Ă  l’ouest [...]; Le rĂ©servoir, dans toute son Ă©tendue; deux canaux y conduisent les eaux
  301. Cervelli 1825: pl. I.1–2..
  302. 113. Safsaf, the ruts of an ancient road, 2010
  303. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  304. 114. Mqayrnis, baths in the foreground, residence from late antiquity in the background on the left, 1824/1825
  305. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue de la partie septentrionale des ruines de GhernĂšs
  306. Pacho 1829: pl. XXIII.
  307. 115. Mqayrnis, the Byzantine baths, 2010
  308. 116. Mqayrnis, the late Roman residence
  309. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  310. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  311. 117. Mqayrnis, two Hellenistic tombs, 1824/1825
  312. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue d’un tombeau circulaire, situĂ© sur une colline auprĂšs de GhernĂšs
  313. Pacho 1829: pl. XXIV.
  314. 118. Mqayrnis, Hellenistic tombs in the foreground, ruins of the city in the background, 1860/1861
  315. 119. Mqayrnis, two Hellenistic tombs, 2010
  316. Edwin A. Porcher, State of the ruins of Imgherniss, 10 miles to the eastward of Cyrene
  317. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 46 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 134.
  318. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  319. 120. Qabu Iunis, ruins of buildings, 1824/1825
  320. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Ruines du chĂąteau de Diounis, situĂ© dans la plaine de l’ancienne Thintis
  321. Pacho 1829: pl. XXI.
  322. 121.Qabu Iunis, ruins of a tetrapylon, 2010
  323. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  324. 122. Qabu Iunis, ruins of an unidentified building, 2010
  325. 123. Lamludah, street of an ancient village, 2010
  326. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  327. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  328. 124. Al-Qubbah, spring enclosure, plan and cross-section, 1824/1825
  329. 125. Al-Qubbah, the ancient spring enclosure, 2010
  330. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Ruines d’anciens thermes situĂ©s dans la VallĂ©e de KoubbĂšh; Coupe et plan du fond de l’édifice
  331. Pacho 1829: pl. X.
  332. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  333. 126. Tomb on the road from al-Qubbah to Ras el-Hilal, next to Siret el-Bab, 1824/1825
  334. 127. Tombs on the road from al-Qubbah to Ras el-Hilal, next to Siret el-Bab, cross-section and plan of, 1824/1825
  335. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Coupe, plan et details des monuments sépulcraux de Zaouani
  336. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Vue d’un grand monument funĂ©raire situĂ© dans les environs du golfe Naustathmus
  337. Pacho 1829: pl. XIX.
  338. Pacho 1829: pl. XVI
  339. 128. Tomb on the road from al-Qubbah to Ras el-Hilal, next to Siret el-Bab, 2010
  340. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  341. 129. Tombs on the road from al-Qubbah to Ras el-Hilal, next to Siret el-Bab, 2010
  342. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  343. 130. Road from al-Qubbah to Ras el-Hilal, 2010
  344. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  345. 131. Ras el-Hilal, church, 2010
  346. 132. Coast near Ras el-Hilal, 2010
  347. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  348. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  349. 133. Coast near al-Athrun, 2010
  350. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  351. 134. Al-Athrun, church, 2010
  352. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  353. 135. Travellers in Cyrenaica
  354. by M. Rekowska
  355. 136. Road from Cyrene to Apollonia, sea in the background
  356. August E. Porcher, Central wady and slope of eastern hill of Cyrene
  357. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 58.
  358. 137. Road from Cyrene to Apollonia, 1860/1861
  359. 138. Modern road from Cyrene to Apollonia, 2007
  360. August E. Porcher, Wady Lebaiath, between Cyrene and Apollonia
  361. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 44 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  362. by M. Rekowska, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  363. Chapter IV
  364. ‘Transfering’ Cyrenaica to Europe
  365. 139. Cyrene, tomb next to the Spring of Apollo, 1860/1861
  366. Edwin A. Porcher, Interior of our Tomb of the Residence
  367. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 9.
  368. 140. Benghazi, British consulate, 1860/1861. Two sarcophagi from consul Crow’s excavations on the right, currently at the British Museum
  369. BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour 104.
  370. Edwin A. Porcher, Benghazi, the British consulate
  371. Warrington 1857: 337.
  372. 1. copied by Lemaire, 1706
  373. 141. Cyrene, inscription from the façade of the cave with the spring
  374. 2. copied by Warrington, 1830
  375. Claude Lemaire, Inscription trouvée à Cyrenne
  376. George Warrington, On the hill-side [
] over the fountain, I traced the following half-legible inscription
  377. Lucas 1714: 328, no. 6.
  378. 142. Inscriptions from tombs at Ptolemais copied by Edwin A. Porcher, 1860/1861
  379. Edwin A. Porcher, Inscriptions over the entrances to the tombs at Ptolemais
  380. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 54.
  381. 143. Cyrene, Tomba dell’Altalena, internal façade, 1821/1822
  382. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 9.
  383. Frederick W. Beechey, Elevation of the internal façade of an excavated tomb at Cyrene
  384. 144. Cyrene, Tomba dell’Altalena, 1821/1822
  385. Beechey and Beechey 1828: pl. 10.
  386. Frederick W. Beechey, Suite of allegorical figures painted on the metopes of one of the excavated tombs at Cyrene
  387. 145. Cyrene, Tomba dell’Altalena, 1824/1825
  388. Jean-Raimond Pacho, Peinture trouvĂ©e sur la frise d’un tombeaux Ă  CyrĂšne
  389. Pacho 1829: pl. LIV.
  390. 146. Sculptures found by George Warrington at Cyrene, 1830
  391. Cyrenaic antiquities no 1: a statue of Aesculapius; Cyrenaic antiquities ns 2: a male statue; a group of three figures; a monumental tablet [
] found near the Fountain of Cyrene
  392. Weir 1857: pls. XVI and XVII.
  393. 147. Cyrene, western necropolis, sculptures found by Vattier de Bourville, 1848/1850. Currently at the Louvre (Ma 2256 / MN 1540; Ma 4793 / MN 1561; Ma 1780 / MN 1535, one lost fragment)
  394. Joseph Vattier de Bourville, Fragments de statues
  395. Vattier de Bourville 1850: pl. 1.
  396. 148. London, sculptures from Smith and Porcher’s excavations at Cyrene, 1861
  397. Cyrene Marbles in the British Museum
  398. 149. Statue of Dionysos, BM 1861,0725.2
  399. Bacchus
  400. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 61.
  401. 150. ‘ Lemaire’s amphora’
  402. Lucas 1712: pl. 108.
  403. Urne d’un pied et demi de circofĂ©rence, sur deux pies de haut
  404. 151. Silphium from Cyrenaica
  405. Edwin A. Porcher, Thapsia Garganica
  406. Smith and Porcher 1864: pl. 60 = BM GR Dept., Porcher Watercolour (unnumbered).
  407. 152. Silphium from Cyrenaica, 2007
  408. by P. Jaworski, © Polish Archaeological Mission to Ptolemais.
  409. Postscript
  410. Bibliography
  411. Back cover