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Late Bronze Age Flintworking from Ritual Zones in Southern Scandinavia

Name: Late Bronze Age Flintworking from Ritual Zones in Southern Scandinavia
Author: Mirosław Masojć

Mirosław Masojć,

276 pages
English
PDF
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eBook - PDF

Late Bronze Age Flintworking from Ritual Zones in Southern Scandinavia

Mirosław Masojć,

About this book

This book is devoted to flintworking encountered in the so-called cult houses and ritual zones from the Late Bronze Age in southern Scandinavia, where thousands of barrows were built in the period from the Neolithic to the end of the Early Bronze Age. Considerable numbers of the barrows are still distinctly visible in the landscape of the area today. In the Late Bronze Age, the cult houses, as well as other ritual constructions in various forms, were built into the older barrows' mounds or were located on their edges. The excavated material from Jutland abounds in flint artefacts, which nearly always constitute the predominating category of finds.

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Index

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Tables
Introduction
1. On the phenomenon of flintworking at the end of the Bronze Age and Beginning of the Iron Age
2. Temporal and spatial framework, concept of the work, and methods
Figure 2.1. Basic spatial framework of the work, in the rectangle, against the background of the extent of cultural traditions of the late Bronze Age in northern and central Europe
Figure 2.2. Southern Scandinavia.
Figure 2.3. North-western Jutland – the Thy region, the island of Mors
Table 2.1. List of main sites discussed in this work.
3. Cult houses: definition, idea, chronology
Figure 3.1. Skateholm, Sweden. Plan and profiles of a supposed cult house.
Figure 3.2. Tustrup, Djursland, eastern Jutland. Cult house from the Funnel Beaker culture.
Figure 3.3. Outlines of cult houses from Funnel Beaker culture in northern Jutland.
Figure 3.4. Reconstruction of a cult house Tustrup, Djursland
Figure 3.5. Sennels, Thy. Cult structure from the early Bronze Age
Figure 3.6. Orientation of selected cult objects from the late Bronze Age
Figure 3.7. Hågahagen, Uppland, eastern Sweden. Cult house from the early Bronze Age (II-III period EB).
Figure 3.8. Hågahagen, Uppland, eastern Sweden.
Figure 3.9. Solar motifs from bronze razors from the vicinity of Viborg in Jutland.
4. Specification of source information
Figure 4.1. Tossene Raä, site 446:2-3, Sweden.
Figure 4.2. Tossene Raä, site 63:1-2, Sweden.
Figure 4.3. An erratic boulder in site Machary, north-western Poland
Figure 4.4. Bjerre 7, Thy. Trench 76 during excavations.
Figure 4.5. Bjerre 7, Thy. Eastern part of trench 76.
Table 4.1. Bjerre 7, Thy. Structure of flint assemblage
Figure 4.6. Bjerre 7, Thy. Core with changing orientation
Figure 4.7. Bjerre 7, Thy. Backed knife (type C)
Table 4.2. Bjerre 7, Thy. Sizes of backed knives
Figure 4.8. Bulbjerg Troldsting, Thy. Backed knives in the museum in Copenhagen
Table 4.3. Bulbjerg Troldting, Thy. Sizes of backed knives according to types A-D.
Figure 4.10. Fragtrup. House I. Backed knife
Figure 4.9. Fragtrup. Plan of the site with residential objects
Table 4.4. Fragtrup. Structure of flint assemblage
Figure 4.11. Fragtrup. House II. Flake with natural backed edge and point.
Figure 4.12. Højby. Reconstruction of a three-aisled house located in Odense,
Figure 4.13. Skamlebæk, Zealand. Backed knives
Table 4.5. Skamlebæk, Zealand. Sizes of backed knives according to types A-D.
Figure 4.14. Vinde Helsinge, Zealand. Backed knives
Table 4.6. Vinde Helsinge, Zealand. Sizes of backed knives according to types A-D.
Figure 4.15. Voldtofte, Funen (Kirkebjerg).
Figure 4.16. Voldtofte, Funen (Kirkebjerg).
Figure 4.17. Knudshoved in Funen. Mass material from a flint workshop.
Figure 4.18. Wierzbica ‘Zele’ in central Poland. Shaft no. 19.
Figure 4.19. Knudshoved in Funen.
Figure 4.20. Knudshoved in Funen. Flint blanks lying on the beach. Massive cores and flakes are seen among the rubble (photograph by the author).
Figure 4.21. Stagstrup, Thy. Big backed knives from a private collection, possibly the remains of a specialised flint workshop located in the settlement
Figure 4.22. Sun chariot from Trundholm in Zealand. Dated to the early Bronze Age (1700-1300 BC).
Figure 4.23. Torup Høje, Jutland. Urn grave in its secondary location at the foot of the barrow.
Figure 4.24. Torup Høje, Jutland. Urn from grave K49 containing unburnt flint products.
Figure 4.25. Torup Høje, Jutland. End-scraper on blade from the urn from grave K49
Sandagergård cult house, Zealand.
Sickle from Stenild.
5. Diversity of cult features from the Late Bronze Age in Jutland
Figure 5.1. Northern Jutland. The vicinity of Thisted
Figure 5.2. The vicinity of Skjern in central Jutland.
Figure 5.3. Thy and the island of Mors with barrow mounds marked in the area (points).
Figure 5.4. Barrows constituting a permanent element of Jutland landscape.
Figure 5.5. Cult houses preserved in fragments at the foot of the barrows from Thy:
Figure 5.6. Cult fluted objects from the vicinity of Viborg and Holstebro.
Figure 5.7. Jernhyt near Haderslev. Southern Jutland.
Figure 5.8. Potential cult houses from the vicinity of Viborg:
6. Cult features with flint assemblages from northern Jutland
Figure 6.1. Grydehøj, Thy. The barrow and the cult house during exploration.
Figure 6.2. Grydehøj, Thy.
Figure 6.3. Grydehøj, Thy. Layers of the cult house’s fill during exploration
Figure 6.4. Grydehøj, Thy. Cult house during exploration
Figure 6.5. Grydehøj, Thy. Cult house during exploration
Figure 6.6. Grydehøj, Thy. Cult house during exploration
Figure 6.7. Grydehøj, Thy. Structure of the flint assemblage from the cult house (within stratigraphic units N17and N18).
Table 6.1. Grydehøj, Thy. Structure of flint assemblage from two stratigraphic units
Figure 6.8. Grydehøj, Thy. Hammerstones from the interior of the cult house (N18)
Table 6.2. Grydehøj, Thy. Flint raw material within stratigraphic units
Figure 6.9. Grydehøj, Thy. Cores from the cult house
Table 6.3. Grydehøj, Thy. Cores from two stratigraphic units (N17, N18) within the cult house
Table 6.4. Grydehøj, Thy. Sizes of individual classes of artefacts within stratigraphic units
Table 6.5. Grydehøj, Thy. Blanks from two stratigraphic units
Table 6.6. Grydehøj, Thy. Presence and manner of preparing butts of blanks and tools within stratigraphic units (N17, N18)
Figure 6.10. Grydehøj, Thy. Sizes of blanks.
Figure 6.11. Grydehøj, Thy. Perforators
Table 6.7. Grydehøj, Thy. Tools from two stratigraphic units (N17, N18) within the cult house
Figure 6.12. Grydehøj, Thy. Perforators
Figure 6.13. Grydehøj, Thy. Notched tools
Figure 6.14. Grydehøj, Thy. Burins
Figure 6.15. Grydehøj, Thy. knife-like flakes
Figure 6.16. Grydehøj, Thy. Distribution of pottery inside the cult house;
Figure 6.17. Grydehøj, Thy. Cultural layer inside the cult object with visible numerous flint artefacts and pebbles
Figure 6.18. Grydehøj, Thy. Quantity ranges of flint products within the cult house in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.19. Grydehøj, Thy. Weight ranges of flint products within the cult house in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.20. Grydehøj, Thy. Quantity ranges in the category of chips from the cult house in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.21. Grydehøj, Thy. Quantity ranges of blanks from the cult house in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.22. Grydehøj, Thy. Frequency of cores in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.23. Grydehøj, Thy. Occurrence of tools in individual quarters of square metres
Figure 6.24. Høghs Høj, Thy. Cult house (bright background) at the foot of the barrow (darker background)
Figure 6.25. Høghs Høj, Thy. Cult house
Figure 6.26. Høghs Høj, Thy. Cult house. View from the barrow
Table 6.8. Høghs Høj, Thy. Structure of the flint assemblage
Figure 6.27. Høghs Høj, Thy. Fragment of flint collection from the cult house
Figure 6.28. Høghs Høj, Thy. Structure of the flint assemblage from the cult house.
Table 6.9. Høghs Høje, Thy. Cores within the cult house
Figure 6.29. Høghs Høj, Thy. Selection of cores
Table 6.10. Høghs Høj, Thy. Blanks within the cult house
Figure 6.30. Høghs Høj, Thy. End-scrapers
Figure 6.31. Høghs Høj, Thy. Perforators
Figure 6.32. Høghs Høj, Thy. Burins
Figure 6.33. Høghs Høj, Thy. Ad hoc tools – a backed knife on chunk
Figure 6.34. Gramstrup I, Thy. Barrow and cult house.
Figure 6.35. Gramstrup I, Thy. Outlines of the cult house and the barrow during exploration
Figure 6.36. Gramstrup I, Thy. Backed knife from the cult object
Figure 6.37. Ginnerup, Thy. Plan of the barrow and the cult object
Figure 6.38. Ginnerup, Thy. Cult object on from the barrow’s eastern side
Figure 6.39. Ginnerup, Thy. Selected artefacts from the cult house.
Figure 6.40. Ginnerup, Thy. Flint assemblage within the cult house during exploration
Figure 6.41. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Barrow during exploration in 2002
Figure 6.42. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Plan of the barrow with the location of secondary burials
Figure 6.43. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Cross-section of the barrow and accompanying zones.
Figure 6.44. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. One of the types of cult objects at the barrow – arrangements of vertically placed boulders
Figure 6.45. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Postholes occurring in pairs interpreted as the remains of the cult object (altar?)
Figure 6.46. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Location of sectors A-D within cult objects.
Table 6.11. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Structure of the flint assemblage
Figure 6.47. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Structure of the flint assemblage from the barrow’s ritual zone.
Figure 6.48. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Stratigraphy within sector
Figure 6.49. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Zones of the barrow arbitrarily determined
Figure 6.50. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Distribution of classes of artefacts
Figure 6.51. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Flint mass material from one of the explored sectors
Figure 6.52. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Single-platform cores
Table 6.12. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Cores
Table 6.13. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Blanks
Figure 6.53. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. knife-like flakes, with one cutting edge and the other side in the form of natural backed edge
Figure 6.54. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Sizes of blanks.
Figure 6.55. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. 1-2 – burin, 3-4 – end-scrapers
Figure 6.56. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Perforator
Table 6.14. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Tools
Figure 6.57. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Flakes with traces of use
Table 6.15. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Presence and manner of preparing butts of blanks and tools
Figure 6.58. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Perforators
Table 6.16. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Sizes of individual classes of artefacts
7. Issues in flintworking technology and typology
Table 7.1. Cores and products of preparation from the early phase of coring.
Table 7.2. Percent comparison of the most numerous categories of cores and blanks in the group of advanced coring.
Figure 7.1. Percent contribution of flint products from ritual zones within individual sequences of dynamic classification.
Figure 7.2. Size of the tool categories in individual assemblages of ritual zones in northern Jutland.
Figure 7.3. Two types of big backed knives identified in site Fosie IV.
Figure 7.4. Big backed knives:
Figure 7.5. Big backed knives:
Figure 7.6. Wierzbica, province of Mazowsze. Backed knife of the Zele type
Figure 7.7. Zakrzów 41, province of Opole. Flake backed knives
Figure 7.8. Zakrzów 41, province of Opole. Flake backed knives with traces of polishing from harvest use
Figure 7.9. Modlniczka 2, province of Małopolska. Lusatian culture burins
Figure 7.10. Grydehøj, Thy. Single-blow burin doubled on chunk
Table 7.3. Burins from cult objects in northern Jutland.
8. Examination of wear traces on flint artefacts from ritual zones
Figure 8.1. Technological microtraces:
Table 8.1.Number of analysed artefacts and the maximum number of used products
Figure 8.2. Microtraces on end-scrapers and side-scrapers:
Figure 8.3. Microtraces on perforators and borers:
Figure 8.4. Microtraces on perforators and burins:
Figure 8.5. Microtraces on perforators and burins:
Figure 8.6. Microtraces on notched tools and flakes and on the blade knife:
9. Grydehøj cult house. Results of biological analyses
Table 9.1. Anthropological analysis of the osteological material from the cultural layer of the Grydehøj cult house and its su roundings as well as the burials
Figure 9.1. Grydehøj, Thy. Distribution of phosphorus within the cult house.
Figure 9.2. Grydehøj, Thy. Content of copper in samples (1-61) collected in the cult house and its surroundings.
Table 9.2. Grydehøj, Thy. Macrobotanical remains from the cultural layer of the cult house
Figure 9.3. Grydehøj, Thy. Results of palynological analysis.
Figure 9.4. Examples of herbaceous plants, whose considerable amount of pollen occurred within the Grydehøj cult house.
Table 9.3. Grydehøj, Thy. Radiocarbon chronometry of samples from the cultural layer
Figure 9.5. Grydehøj, Thy. Calibration of radiocarbon dating.
10. Ritual flintworking
Figure 10.1. Grydehøj, Thy. Reconstruction of the cult house’s outlines
Figure 10.2. Torup Høje, Fjelsø. Cult objects and their direct spatial relationship (gray arrows) with the secondary burials placed in the barrow.
Figure 10.3. Grydehøj, Thy. Cult house and its spatial relationship with the secondary burials placed in the barrow
Table 10.1.Basic differences perceived between stone assemblages form the cult houses and ritual zones and stone working known from settlement contexts and other types of contexts of utilitarian nature
11. Concluding remarks
Bibliography
Plate 1.
Plates
Plate 2.
Plate 3.
Plate 4.
Plate 5.
Plate 6.
Plate 7.
Plate 8.
Skamlebæk, Zealand. 1-4 – big backed knives (drawing by the author).
Plate 9.
Skamlebæk, Zealand. 1-6 – selection of artefacts (drawing by the author).
Plate 10.
Vinde Helsinge, Zealand. 1 – big backed knife, 2-3 – end-scraper (drawing by the author).
Plate 11.
Vinde Helsinge, Zealand. 1-4 – big backed knives (drawing by the author).
Plate 12.
Volftofte, Funen. 1-5 – selection of artefacts (drawing by the author).
Plate 13.
Plate 14.
Plate 15.
Plate 16.
Plate 17.
Plate 18.
Plate 19.
Plate 20.
Plate 21.
Plate 22.
Plate 23.
Plate 24.
Plate 25.
Plate 26.
Plate 27.
Plate 28.
Torup Høje, Fjelsø. 1-9 – cores (drawing by the author).
Plate 29.
Torup Høje, Fjelsø. 1-9 – perforators (drawing by the author).
Plate 30.
Torup Høje, Fjelsø. 1-11 – selection of tools (drawing by the author).

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