Twins have been a source of fascination and wonder, and repulsion and fear, since the beginning of recorded history. Mythology, religion, literature, art, and film represent twins as having magical powers of closeness, as well as the opposite powers of discord and rage. Once Darwinâs theory of evolution became prominent, twins were used to study the relative importance of genetic endowment and environmental influences. The genetic sameness of identical twins provided traditional science with a built-in test for the study of the relationship between genetic makeup and a wide array of environmentally determined behaviors and personality characteristics. Psychologists have used twins as âlaboratory ratsâ in an effort to determine how much of personality and intelligence is inherited, and how much can be nurtured by the environment (Bouchard, 1994; Joseph, 2015; Schave, 1982; Schave and Ciriello, 1983; Schein and Bernstein, 2007). Recently, with the higher incidence of twin births, parenting multiple births children has become a focus of child development research (Diaz, 2013; Klein, 2017a; Rowles, 2013).
Based on my decadesâ long experience working with and studying twin experience, I can say with great certainty that twins know that their attachment to one another is very different from the attachments that singletons share. Unfortunately, inter-twin deep closeness and nonverbal communication are not usually shared with others outside of the twin-ship, which means that twin closeness remains a largely untold story. Because the focus of onlookers is to idealize twin-ship, there is very little concern with the actual lived experiences of twins themselves. Emotional issues related to the effects of twin-attachment are addressed tangentially in film and literature (Klein, 2017a). Yet, there is no doubt that the depth of twin-attachment is profound and psychologically irreplaceable (Fongay, 1990). The depth and complexity of the twin-attachment is rarely represented in film, literature, or other forms of cultural discourse.
Distorted Images of Twins, Twin-Attachment, and Twin-Identity
The difficulties that twins encounter as they separate from their twin and seek understanding and acceptance of their identity as unique individuals begins at birth and grows and evolves throughout twinsâ lives. Feelings of guilt and shame are common as twins struggle to see themselves as individuals. This struggle emerges from the in utero attachment that establishes connections that precede any psychological individuation. The result is that even as twins begin developing an individual sense of self, their shared nonverbal communication makes it difficult to see themselves as separate, and something as basic as not paying attention to each other is difficult to achieve. As twins learn more involved nonverbal and verbal communication, this basic level of profound attachment remains. The separation process creates anxiety for twins and can be manifested across a variety of emotional dimensions throughout the life span, including sadness, crying, anger, rage, acceptance, or estrangement. It is not uncommon, for example, for young twins to have strong reaction when reminded of the absence of their twin. Simply being reminded that their twin is not with them commonly triggers serious bouts of crying. As twins grow, the process of developing individual identities often creates strong feelings of anger and resentment. When these feelings motivate separation between the twins, estrangement is the result, and this often leads to powerful and painful loneliness in adulthood.
At birth, twinsâ proximity to each other is crucial. Infant twins are inconsolable when separated. Separating twins because of illness or adoption can create traumatic experiences for both twins which are manifested later in life. The effects of early separation are always traumatic. This trauma is well described in the book Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited (Schein and Bernstein, 2007). From a perspective outside of the twin relationship, it is easy to see that young twins enjoy being together and that they like the attention they get for being twins. From the outside, it is also easy to see the opposite side of the twin relationship, as when twins fight constantly over belongings, activities, etc. And yet, I have found in my work with young twins that no matter what the daytime fighting is about, twins want to and seem to need to spend bedtime together. For parents, it is often difficult to contend with the nonstop twin inclination for âdouble trouble.â âDouble troubleâ is a shorthand way of describing how intertwin closeness provides a deep comfort and stability that often creates an alliance through which twins can make life very difficult for parents and outsiders. As the creators of their very own specific and private world, twins can wreak havoc as they learn the codes and patterns of the family and outside world. Twins can be the ultimate tricksters, playing games that confound family members and others who interact with them.
As twin-pairs grow into adolescence, more dramatic identity struggles surface. Anger and resentment between twins often fester. Each twin begins to take their own direction more seriously. Harmony is harder to hold onto for adolescent twins. Serious differences can erupt. Eventually, teenage twins feel seriously misunderstood by âonlookersâ who idealize and trivialize the twin relationship. Adult twins struggle to form non-twin relationships. Being a twin in the non-twin-world can be a lifelong experience of fragmentation, regret, and possibly, renewal. For many twins, including virtually all of those who have shared their stories with us, renewal of the twin relationship remains elusive. The anger, disappointment, and, often, estrangement that are common for twins are, relatively speaking, unexplored or ignored by family and significant others outside of the twin-ship. The distorted belief that twins can get along easily and always is a destructive fantasy to twins and those who long for closeness. Closeness is achieved through hard work for twins and non-twins alike.
The lack of understanding related to the uniqueness of twin-attachment is multifaceted. It is obvious that scientific researchers have a distorted sensibility about the lives of twins because of their hyper focus of unravelling the heredity versus environment debate (Joseph, 2015). Mental health professionals simply do not have a deep understanding of the power of the twin-bond and how struggles of twin relationships are intensely conflicted and painful. In general, therapists of twins see twins as having âboundaryâ issues that can be âfixedâ by being firm with others, especially their twin. This very cold and uninformed approach can offer only superficial solutions to deep problems related to intimacy. In addition to all this, the study of psychology has ignored any insight into the dynamics of human relationships that twin relationships can provide (Klein, 2003, 2012, 2017a).
The findings of academic or clinical research are fostered by the longstanding cultural mythology and fantasy of twin-ship being an ideal relationship. Profound attentiveness and mirror-like closeness of twins becomes a fascination for lonely singleton individuals who long for affirmation. Ironically, twins often suffer from a more profound loneliness than non-twins because of their entwined attachment to one another and the depth of âmissingâ that occurs when they are not together. The basic and profound truth is that the experiences of a twin being a twin is very different than the fantasy and mythology that our culture promotes and revels in. To illustrate this point, consider this language from a twin contributor to this book who shares her deep beliefs about the difficulties and aftereffects of idealization.
So no, donât believe the mythology of the closeness of twins, their unique relationship, the special bond, and all the other populist ideas that non-twins hold in fascination. It is not true, it is fiction, and an unkind fiction at that. It is unfair that non-twins impose this expectation upon us in popular culture. What is true about twins is that we are individuals, unique within ourselves. We do not deserve unrealistic expectations; we do not deserve unfair comparisons. What we deserve is to be acknowledged as who we are. Ourselves.
(Ann)
The deep and profound idealization of twin-ship sends ripples of shame into the lives of twins who cannot get along with one another and feel criticized by other peopleâs intrusive beliefs that they should naturally be able to be attuned to their twin. The reality of developing a healthy adult relationship with oneâs twin is very complicated and difficult. The fantasy that all twins can and do get along is nonsensical and prejudicial to twins. By prejudicial I mean the belief that twins who can get along are normal, and those twins who do not get along are not normal, damaged, and defective casts a deep prejudice against the reality of the twinâs experience in their twin relationship. Deeply held cultural beliefs like these create life-long struggles for twins encountering others who expect them to know everything about and be in total connection with their twin. In reality, as twins move through the life span and develop their own lives with spouses, children, professions, etc., they naturally come to know fewer details of each otherâs lives. Yet, the idealizations held by society and twins themselves create an expectation that the childhood depth of the twin-connection will remain the same throughout the life span. When distance and or estrangement develops, twins are left feeling shame for not living up to cultural expectations. Countless times I have been asked about how my twin sister is doing. When I answer honestly that we are not able to get along, onlookers are shocked. Outsiders will probe for why I canât get along with her for as long as I allow them to. This unacceptable intrusiveness does not happen with siblings who are not close and cannot get along. In my life experience I have never been quizzed on why my older brother and I cannot get along. It seems as if twin intruders are just interested in affirming their vacuous fascination about what it means to be a twin.
Our work together, and with our many twin contributors who have shared their twin stories with us, allows us to flesh out this unseen life of twins within their twin relationships. We use our own experiences and the stories of our twin contributors to describe and explain how these unseen aspects of the psychological experiences of twins play out in the life stories of twins. Our effort is to reveal the unique twin aspects of social and emotional issues that are not seen in singletons. Our own stories and the stories of our twin contributors are the basis of this work.