Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities

Hussein T. Mouftah, Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sameh Sorour, Hussein T. Mouftah, Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sameh Sorour

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780367350345
• eBook ISBN: 9781000259254
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications

This book presents a comprehensive coverage of the five fundamental yet intertwined pillars paving the road towards the future of connected autonomous electric vehicles and smart cities. The connectivity pillar covers all the latest advancements and various technologies on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications/networking and vehicular cloud computing, with special emphasis on their role towards vehicle autonomy and smart cities applications. On the other hand, the autonomy track focuses on the different efforts to improve vehicle spatiotemporal perception of its surroundings using multiple sensors and different perception technologies. Since most of CAVs are expected to run on electric power, studies on their electrification technologies, satisfaction of their charging demands, interactions with the grid, and the reliance of these components on their connectivity and autonomy, is the third pillar that this book covers.

On the smart services side, the book highlights the game-changing roles CAV will play in future mobility services and intelligent transportation systems. The book also details the ground-breaking directions exploiting CAVs in broad spectrum of smart cities applications. Example of such revolutionary applications are autonomous mobility on-demand services with integration to public transit, smart homes, and buildings. The fifth and final pillar involves the illustration of security mechanisms, innovative business models, market opportunities, and societal/economic impacts resulting from the soon-to-be-deployed CAVs.

This book contains an archival collection of top quality, cutting-edge and multidisciplinary research on connected autonomous electric vehicles and smart cities. The book is an authoritative reference for smart city decision makers, automotive manufacturers, utility operators, smart-mobility service providers, telecom operators, communications engineers, power engineers, vehicle charging providers, university professors, researchers, and students who would like to learn more about the advances in CAEVs connectivity, autonomy, electrification, security, and integration into smart cities and intelligent transportation systems.

1 Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Integration to Microgrids in Future Smart Cities

Mohammad Sadeghi, Melike Erol-Kantarci, and Hussein T. Mouftah

University of Ottawa

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Smart Cities

1.1.2 Microgrids

1.1.3 Renewable Energy Generation Resources

1.1.3.1 SP

1.1.3.2 Wind Turbines

1.1.3.3 Mini-hydro

1.1.4 Energy Trading among Microgrids

1.2 CAEVs and the Effect of Integrating CAEVs to Microgrids

1.3 Microgrid Control Methods in the Presence of CAEVs

1.3.1 Microgrid Centralized Control

1.3.2 Microgrid Decentralized Control

1.3.3 Microgrid Distributed Control

1.4 Quality of Service in Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

1.5 Performance Evaluation

1.6 Challenges and Future Directions

1.7 Conclusion

References

1.1 Introduction

In future smart cities, connected and autonomous electric vehicles (CAEVs) are anticipated to be widely utilized, and consequently, their integration to the power grid will be crucial. The charging demand of CAEVs will impose significant load on the power grid. If CAEVs are not charged in a controlled manner, they may cause failures. The growth in the load can accumulate in peak hours and even result in failures during critical grid conditions. Current distribution transformers are not prepared to tolerate this increase in the load profile. Therefore, CAEVs’ charging infrastructure requires innovative techniques to protect the smart grid. The electrical grid infrastructure currently undergoes a vital revolution. The simple centralized-unidirectional system of electric power transmission, distribution, and demand-driven control systems of yesterday are gradually evolving into a massive heterogeneous mix of utility grid and microgrids. Microgrids are power system components that are defined as small-scale electricity distribution systems with loads, storage, generation capacity, and islanding capability. Despite the advantages of microgrids, the integration of CAEVs through this new distributed microgrid system results in further complications in the grid. This chapter will focus on charging infrastructure of CAEVs and their integration to future smart cities through microgrids. The chapter first gives an overview of smart cities, microgrids, renewable energy generation resources, and CAEVs. After that, the effect of integrating CAEVs on the operation and management of the microgrids as well as impacts of shifting to further distributed control systems are investigated. Then, the chapter focuses on a study from the literature which provides analysis of such integration scenarios. Finally, future directions and challenges are presented, and the chapter is concluded.

1.1.1 Smart Cities

Current cities are going under drastic evolution due to the high integration of technology in the daily life of residents. Therefore, establishing a framework to unify all aspects of daily life in a city as well as digitalizing services and embedding intelligence to their functions are crucial. Smart cities are urban areas that widely employ information and communication technologies (ICT), such as different types of sensors collect data in order to manage resources and improve the quality of life in the city [17,29,39,40]. Major economic and environmental changes are among the motivations for the advancement of smart cities [12]. In particular, global warming and its environmental impacts are among the main motives that have been considered in the design and development of smart cities.

In parallel to the developments in smart cities, the power grid, as an important infrastructure supporting the cities, has been undergoing major changes since mid-2000s. The main driver of the change behind the power grid has been the desire to make power generation less dependent on fossil fuels. This required integration of more renewables that are intermittent and are hence called for innovations in storage technologies. On the other hand, less consumption or demand response became another important area, which contributed to lowered peak hour electricity consumption. All of these changes and many others were possible with the integration of ICT.

Besides the integration of ICT, an emerging concept in smart grids has been microgrids. Although military microgrids existed since several decades [32], their coexistence within commercial distribution system became a feasible idea recently. Microgrids play an important role to bring the energy resources (mostly renewable energy) to where it is needed. Implementing microgrid structure in the smart cities may result in efficient generation of renewable energy, less power loss in the grid, and optimized load regulation which all result in less consumption of fossil fuels and reduced gas emissions [13,23]. In the next section, we provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art in microgrids.

1.1.2 Microgrids

There are various definitions of a microgrid in the literature [28,33]. One of the most cited definition for the microgrid is provided by the US Department of Energy as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode [41]. According to the provided definition, a microgrid needs to be (1) distinguishable from the rest of the grid system as an independent unit. (2) It should include resources of energy that helps to not rely on distant resources and sustain as a single unit. (3) It should be able to run effectively in the case of losing connection to the main grid. The general block diagram of a microgrid system is demonstrated in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Microgrid block diagram.

Several microgrid implementations already exist around the world [27]. Santa Rita Jail is a real implementation example of campus/institutional microgrid [9]. In Ref. [10], the implementation of a military-based microgrid is presented.

Although it is possible to construct a microgrid without renewables, the true potential of opportunities for future microgrids arises from the integration of renewable energy resources. Therefore, renewable energy resources are important components of microgrids. In the next section, we overview the widely used renewable energy generators.

1.1.3 Renewable Energy Generation Resources

There are no strict criteria in the design of microgrids, and the process of design depends on the specific requirement of the project and economical concerns. There is a broad selection of energy generation resources and storage that can be implemented in the design of microgrids. Diesel engines, microturbines, fuel cells such as solid oxide and alkaline, and renewable generation resources are among generator candidates while sodium-sulfur and lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries such as zinc-bromine and polysulfide bromide batteries, hydrogen from hydrolysis, and kinetic energy storage can be suitable storage choices.

Among generation options, renewable resources gain remarkable attention recently due to the following reasons:

1. low carbon emission
2. less dependence on fossil fuels
3. longer lifespan comparing to conventional resources
4. noise-free in the case of solar panels (SP)
5. low operational cost

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Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Integration to Microgrids in Future Smart Cities
• Chapter 2 A Hierarchical Management Framework for Autonomous Electric Mobility-on-Demand Services
• Chapter 3 Multifaceted Synthesis of Autonomous Vehicles’ Emerging Landscape
• Chapter 4 Machine Learning Methodologies for Electric-Vehicle Energy Management Strategies: A Comprehensive Survey
• Chapter 5 Dynamic Road Management in the Era of CAV
• Chapter 6 VANET Communication and Mobility Sustainability: Interactions and Mutual Impacts in Vehicular Environment
• Chapter 7 Message Dissemination in Connected Vehicles
• Chapter 8 Exploring Cloud Virtualization over Vehicular Networks with Mobility Support
• Chapter 9 Data Offloading Approaches for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications in 5G and Beyond
• Chapter 10 Connected Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Flexible Coverage, Data Gathering and Emergency Scenarios
• Chapter 11 Localization for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network and Autonomous Vehicles, Are We Done Yet?
• Chapter 12 Automotive Radar Signal Analysis
• Chapter 13 Multisensor Precise Positioning for Automated and Connected Vehicles
• Chapter 14 Deploying Wireless Charging Systems for Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 15 Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles
• Chapter 16 Wirelessly Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Smart City
• Chapter 17 Cyber Security Considerations for Automated Electro-Mobility Services in Smart Cities
• Chapter 18 Incentivized and Secure Blockchain-based Firmware Update and Dissemination for Autonomous Vehicles
• Index