Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping

Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Yu Chen, Babak Kateb

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781315355740
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Neurology

Understanding how the brain works and developing effective therapeutics are important in advancing neuroscience and improving clinical patient care. Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping covers state-of-the-art research and development in optical technologies and applications for brain mapping and therapeutics. It provides a comprehensive overview of various methods developed using light, both microscopic and macroscopic techniques. Recent developments in minimally-invasive endoscopic imaging of deep brain structure and function, as well as light-based therapy are also reviewed.

1
History of Brain Mapping and Neurophotonics

From Technological Discoveries to Brain Initiatives

Babak Kateb, Frank Boehm, Alexandra Jalali, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Vicky Yamamoto, Bahram Jalali, Derek Backer, Brian Pikul, Parham Yashar, and Yu Chen

CONTENTS

Introduction

Historical Milestones in Brain Mapping

X-Ray

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

Historical Milestones in Neurophotonics

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging

Optical Coherence Tomography

Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Microscopy

Optogenetics

Photodynamic Therapy

Intraoperative Brain Mapping

GE Double Donut MRI

Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Integrated Neurosurgical Suite

Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating

Brain Initiative, G20 World Brain Mapping and Therapeutics Initiative, and National Photonic Initiative

SBMT-IEEE Brain Mapping Initiative

National Photonic Initiative

Conclusion

References

Introduction

According to the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), brain mapping is defined as the study and elucidation of the anatomy and functionality of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intraoperative, microscopic, endoscopic, molecular, and multimodality imaging), immunohistochemistry, optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical, and biomedical), advanced technologies (ultrasound, photonics, etc.), neurophysiology, and nanotechnology (Kateb and Heiss, 2013). Diverse types of brain mapping exist, encompassing anatomical, structural, cellular, functional, and metabolic. Cellular maps, for instance, may comprise nanoscale imaging and may be alternately defined via genomics. This volume will endeavor to survey and articulate the latest advances in neurophotonics. These exciting technological advances will lead to the further enhancement of the diagnoses and treatments of myriad brain conditions toward improved patient outcomes globally.

Historical Milestones in Brain Mapping

The first known written instance of the word “brain,” in addition to articulations of the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid, and various brain injuries, dates back to ~3000 BC in what is referred to as The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, which is an ancient medical text that was authored by the prominent Egyptian physician Imhotep. At the time, however, the brain was thought to be an inconsequential organ in contrast to the heart, which was deemed to be its life force (Minagar et al., 2003). The Greek medical theorist and dissectionist Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC) is thought to have been the earliest author to propose that the brain was the center of cognition and sensation. His dissection studies of the eye led him to posit that the optic nerves “came together behind the forehead” and comprised brain terminating “light bearing paths” (Lloyd, 1975). Democritus (460–370 BC) put forward that all matter in the universe was made of various constituent atoms and that the human mind was composed of the most rapidly motile atoms (Gross, 1995). Plato (~428–347 BC) expanded on these musings in his Timaeus, where he states that the brain “…is the divinest part of us and lord over all the rest” (Plato, 1959), whereas Hippocrates (460–370 BC) affirmed that mental operations were “completely undertaken by the brain.” He also conveyed his firm belief that epilepsy originated within the brain in his well-known essay “On the Sacred Disease” (Hippocrates, 1950; Gross, 1995).

Galen (AD 121–201) was among the first well-documented ancient scienti...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Halftitle Page
• Endorsements
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 History of Brain Mapping and Neurophotonics: From Technological Discoveries to Brain Initiatives
• SECTION I Optical Spectroscopy and Spectral Imaging of Brain
• SECTION II Brain Imaging and Mapping from Micro to Macroscales
• SECTION III Intraoperative Neuroimaging
• SECTION IV Image-Guided Intervention and Phototherapy
• Index