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Business and Professional Writing: A Basic Guide - Second Canadian Edition
Paul MacRae
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eBook - ePub
Business and Professional Writing: A Basic Guide - Second Canadian Edition
Paul MacRae
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About This Book
Straightforward, practical, and focused on realistic examples, Business and Professional Writing: A Basic Guide is an introduction to the fundamentals of professional writing. The book emphasizes clarity, conciseness, and plain language. Guidelines and templates for business correspondence, formal and informal reports, brochures and press releases, and oral presentations are included.
Exercises guide readers through the process of creating and revising each genre, and helpful tips, reminders, and suggested resources beyond the book are provided throughout. The second edition includes new sections on information security and ethics in business writing. New formal proposal examples have been added, and the text has been updated throughout.
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Part I
The Basics of Strong Writing
In Part I you will learn about
- The difference between professional writing and academic writing,
- The seven Cs of good writing,
- The importance of correct grammar, and
- The importance of accurate copy-editing.
Chapter 1
Plain Language
In this chapter you will learn about
- The difference between academic and business writing and
- The importance of writing in plain language.
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION VERSUS ACADEMIC WRITING
The Preface briefly discussed the formats we will learn in this bookâcorrespondence, report formats, and the likeâbut also the importance of good writing within each format. If the writing in a report, say, is inferior, that report will fail no matter how well itâs formatted. So in Chapters 1 and 2 weâll discuss how to develop strong writing, and Chapter 3 will be all about grammar.
To be a good communicator in business and the professions, you may have to unlearn some of the techniques that might have made you a good academic writer. Here is what you are likely to find in good academic writing.
- The information is often highly complex.
- The language is often highly specialized.
- Sentences tend to be long and complex, in keeping with the complex subject matter.
- Paragraphs are long enough to explore each complex idea deeply.
- The style is formalâit avoids âIâ and âyou,â although âweâ is sometimes acceptable, and it doesnât use contractions (e.g., you will write âdoes notâ instead of âdoesnâtâ).
- Academic citation and works-cited styles, like APA, MLA, or other academic formats, are highly detailed and strictly followed.
- Grammar rules are strictly followed (e.g., the âOxfordâ comma is preferred, colons are used after full sentences and before lists, and so on. Weâll discuss these rules in Chapter 3.).
Most professional, non-academic writing, on the other hand, is very different.
- Ideas are expressed as simply and concisely as possible.
- Specialized words and jargon are avoided if possible (itâs not always possible, and specialized language may be necessary for some audiences).
- Sentences have one main idea, with perhaps one or at most two supporting ideas.
- Paragraphs are shortâfour to eight lines would be typical.
- The style is more informal than in academic writing; first (âI,â âme,â âweâ), second (âyouâ), and third person (âhe,â âher,â âthey,â etc.) are all allowed, as are contractions (âdonâtâ rather than âdo notâ is acceptable).
- Grammar rules are (slightly!) relaxed (for example, sentence fragments are sometimes allowed for rhetorical effect, but in moderation, comma use is not rigid, and so on).
Academic and business writing styles are different because they have different audiences. The academic writer and reader is a specialist in a particular discipline, and specialized language is part of that discipline. The audience for a business or professional document is more often a generalist one, and this audience calls for a less specialized vocabulary and less complex set of concepts.
But, more importantly, the business or professional audience doesnât want to spend a lot of time figuring out what the wording in a particular report or memo is trying to sayâtime is money! The meaning of professional writing should be immediately clear, unlike academic writing, which is sometimes obscure.
On the page, too, academic writing looks different from business and professional writing. An academic essay or published article may consist of page after page of print, in long, grey paragraphs, perhaps broken by the occasional picture, chart, or diagram. As a visual experience, an academic essay can be hard going; however, the hard going is, the academic writer hopes, rewarded by the essayâs stimulating intellectual content. That said, academic writing in some disciplines is moving toward a plainer style!
A business or professional document aims to be much more attractive, visually speaking. That means using white space, lists, pictures, charts and graphics, headings and subheadings, and many other techniques for easy readability that we will be discussing below in this chapter on plain language and in Chapter 5 on document design.
PLAIN LANGUAGE
Business, legal, government, and professional writing can, over time, sink into a morass of technical jargon and convoluted syntax that is almost unintelligible to the general public. In other words, this writing has become the communication of experts for other experts. This bureaucratese wouldnât be a problem if these documents didnât have to be read by non-experts, but that is often not the case.
For example, legal documents such as contracts, mortgages, and wills need to be both read and understood by people who arenât lawyers. Government communications often contain important information about laws and regulations on everything from legal business practices to the size and type of pipe fittings in a new house. If the business owners and tradespeople who have to follow building regulations, for example, canât understand the regulationsâand they often canâtâthen thereâs a problem.
In short, hard-to-read texts cause more
- misunderstandings
- errors
- complaints
- enquiries
- staff time lost to problem solving.1
Therefore, many businesses and governments around the world are moving to put their communications into what is called plain language or plain English.
Worth Knowing
The British passport office found that 52 per cent of passport applicants couldnât complete the form properly. When the form was rewritten in plain English, 97 per cent of applicants were able to fill it out correctly, for a saving of 370,000 hours of administration time per year. Similarly, the UKâs Royal Mail used mail-forwarding forms that had an 87 per cent error rate among users and cost ÂŁ10,000 a week for corrections. When the forms were rewritten the error rate fell and the Royal Mail saved ÂŁ500,000 in only nine months.
Additional Resources
The following websites offer useful information on plain language:
1. US federal government writing guidelines: http://www.plainlanguage.gov/index.cfm
2. PlainTrain, a website teaching plain language: http://www.lisibilite.net/PlainTrain/Digest.html
3. George Orwellâs essay âPolitics and the English Languageâ on the need for plain language: https://biblio.wiki/wiki/Politics/Politics_and_the_English_Language
4. Centre for Literacy: http://www.centreforliteracy.qc.ca/node/188
Features of Plain Language
What is plain English? It has a number of features:
- It uses concrete and specific examples rather than abstractions to be as clear as possible.
- It avoids unfamiliar words and technical jargon. For example, it prefers âknowâ to the jargonistic âfully cognizant.â
- It uses active rather than passive verbs for clarity, directness, and conciseness. Active verbs use fewer words: âThe man ate the sandwichâ (five words) versus âThe sandwich was eaten by the manâ (seven words).
- It avoids wordy expressions (âin order to do businessâ = âto do businessâ; âat the present timeâ = ânowâ).
- It avoids repetitiveness (âplease return my stapler back to meâ = âplease return my staplerâ).
- It avoids nominalizationsâverbs used as nouns. So, instead of âHe gave an introduction to the next speaker,â you would write âHe introduced the next speaker.â In the first example sentence, âintroductionâ is a nominalization. Chapter 2 has more on nominalizations.
Plain language also aims to make text as easy to read as possible by
- using white space to make documents more readable;
- making document-design elements easy to read;
- using headings and well-labelled graphics, if appropriate; and
- using easy-to-read lists, tables, and indexes whenever possible.
In the next section weâll look at examples of how plain language can make communication clearer.
Examples of Plain Language
The government of British Columbia has for several years been rewriting cumbersomely worded and sometimes incomprehensible legislation into language the average person can understand. The result? The government saves time and money because civil servants donât have to field so many calls and letters asking what the laws and regulations mean.
Hereâs how the BC government described this effort:
Why is it important to use plain language? ⌠It is more efficient, more effective, and leads to better public relations. Less time is needed to find and understand the information, less time is needed to deal with people who did not understand the information, and fewer errors are made.
Plain language
- Improves compliance, which reduces enforcement costs.
- Expresses thoughts clearly, which reduces the likelihood of a legal challenge.
- Responds to the needs of the audienceâpeople donât feel their time is unnecessarily wasted.
- Ultimately reduces costs for the public.2
The United Statesâs governmentâs website on plain language states the benefits of plain language as follows:
- fewer calls from customers (by about 80%),
- less time for users to solve a problem (about half the time),
- fewer errors by customers (from 40% to 20%), and
- higher rates of compliance with government regulations (more than twice as high).3
For example, a 1992 Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) report originally read like this:
Economic espionage may be defined as the illegal or clandestine acquisition of critical Canadian economic information and technology by foreign governments or their surrogates.
Here is this sentence rewritten in plain English:
Economic espionage means foreign governments or their agents illegally obtaining critical Canadian economic and technological secrets.4
Here is another example, from a last will and testament. The first version is in legalese; the second version is in...