Whether disasters are natural, caused by industry or result from terrorist acts, they can be sudden, overwhelming and often deadly. They kill, cause injury, depress, cause insanity, lead to sorrow and despair, fear, stress, lack of feeling, etc. They cause huge shocks to both body and spirit.
A global increase in the level of mental trauma
After disasters, the media take stock of human losses and quantify the material damage. The economic damage amounts to millions or billions of euros or dollars, and the victims number in the dozens, hundreds or thousands. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 killed 1,836 people6 and cost the American taxpayer the trifling amount of $160 billion,7 or nearly 1 per cent of the country’s GDP. In 2011 at Fukushima, after the earthquake and tsunami, there were 15,828 dead, 6,145 injured, 4,823 missing and more than one million homes destroyed.8 The cost was estimated at $626 billion, about three times the Japanese government’s first estimate.9
Such disasters affect millions of people every year (about 162 million in 2005, 330 million in 201010). In the United States, for example, 13–19 per cent of adults experience at least one disaster in their lifetime.11 These numbers are increasing worldwide in the face of climate change and increasing population density.12
If the number of deaths is relatively low compared to the number of people affected (in 2010, 0.1 per cent of the 330 million people affected died), what happens to the survivors?
Behind these cold, dry figures is hidden another reality, often forgotten and yet of vital significance: the psychological consequences of a disaster last even longer than the physical traumas.13 Their intensity and frequency will continue to increase. To know how to understand, manage and treat these types of traumas is fundamental to prepare us for future shocks.
During such an event, the first reactions are paralysis, denial, action (saving loved ones, for example) or flight. The shock can cause intense stress, then more lasting reactions such as anxiety, irritability, despair, apathy, loss of self-esteem, guilt, depression, confusion, insomnia, eating disorders or difficulties in making decisions.
Some people continue to react to the initial shock long after the danger has passed. When the reaction to trauma interferes with daily life, mental health professionals speak of ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ (PTSD). In recent decades, hundreds of psychiatric studies have been conducted on this topic.14 They show that symptoms can take up to six months to appear. Specific social categories, including women and children, are more vulnerable.15 Note also that PTSD is not the only severe symptom; other major problems can include depression, generalized anxiety and panic attacks.16
A catastrophic event can also lead to serious but less visible disorders. In a recent study around Fukushima, researchers at Harvard University were able for the first time to compare the health of a population before and after a major disaster.17 It emerged that in people over sixty-five years of age, the rate of dementia almost tripled, mainly because of the loss of neighbourhood ties.
Gradual disruptions are also effective in disrupting our mental health. For example, in the USSR, as early as the 1970s, well before the Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991 in a ‘strangely peaceful atmosphere, without Kalashnikov fire or missile threats’,18 the country was already in serious decline. All the countries in the Soviet bloc suffered the consequences of these processes of economic, social and political collapse.19 An entire generation was marked by the experience of drastic fluctuations in available resources and by the increasing uncertainty appearing in all facets of life.20
This period of collapse was characterized by an accelerating decline in life expectancy. For example, in Russia, between 1992 and 1994, men lost more than six years (from 63.8 to 57.7 years) and women over three years (from 74.4 to 71.2 years). The causes? Increased stress, a failing health system, infectious diseases, suicides, homicides, as well as road accidents and excessive alcohol consumption, especially in Russia for adolescents and young adults.
The suicide rate for men aged fifty to sixty, which increased sharply after 1992, was strongly correlated with the state of the economy (as measured by GDP). For women, it was found to be closely linked to alcohol consumption. Alcoholism played a major role in this social and health chaos, especially for people who were not solidly supported psychologically by those around them. The number of murders tripled be...