Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care

Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry

Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781771889018
• eBook ISBN: 9781000095579
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology & Healthcare Industry
• Index: Business

Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology are closely associated fields, and the use of natural products for their medicinal properties is ever-growing. The study of drugs from natural products and their effects on the living body are explored in this volume. The book looks into the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals that exhibit biological effects. Providing an informative compilation of research, valuable case studies, and reviews of existing literature in the area, the book focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of natural products and phytochemicals for health care, including applications for diabetes, ulcers, wound healing, chronic alcoholism, hemorrhoidal treatment, cancer mitigation, pain management, immunotherapy, and more.

CHAPTER 1
A Short Overview on Anti-Diabetic Natural Products: Reviewing the Herbotherapeutic Potentials

MOJABIR HUSSEN ANSARI¹ and DEBARSHI KAR MAHAPATRA²

1 Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Dixit Nagar, Nagpur, 440026, Maharashtra, India

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, 440037, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Plants contain various types of bioactive components that show many pharmacological activities. It provides instant people need and are commonly available and inexpensive. Also, medicinal plants have less side effects compared to synthetic organic chemicals. In the past decade, there has been tremendous growth in the implementation of natural products as a health regimen in Asia and European countries. Herbal natural products have a strong conceptual base and admire to be used as a drug in terms of safety and benefit for treating various diseases. Herbal medicines are becoming more popular due to its safety and efficacy during treatment. Although it contains various active chemical constituents which is useful in the management and treatment of most of diseases. Natural product mainly consists of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, fatty acids, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, alkaloids, glyco-sides, reserpine, vincristine, vinblastine, quinidine, etc. Different plants consist of different chemical constituent hence it gives different activities such as anti-ulcer, anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, etc. Diabetes Mellitus is the largest chronic metabolic disorder affecting about 390 million populations across the globe and it is estimated to affect 592 million people by the year 2030. Many natural and semi-synthetic chalcones are important candidates that interfere with a therapeutic target such as PPAR-γ, DPP-4, α-glucosidase, PTP-1B, aldose reductase, enhances insulin production, and increase tissue sensitivity. Many organic molecules are available for the management and treatment of various types of diseases, it produces a more adverse effect than herbal medicine. Therefore, herbal medicines are more popular. Hence, major countries are contributed in the development of natural medicines.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Natural products are the part of the human living system since the time origin. Plants give numerous products for human needs, most of them good and beneficial. Everything such as food, shelter, clothes, medicines, fuels, etc. comes out from plants directly and indirectly. Plant are the milestones of all living entities on this planet and an important resource for all living organisms as well as humans [1]. Medicinal plants as a part of traditional remedies possess the key role of human health care. Neanderthal made medicine by using medicinal plant and it is shown in molecular evidence. Modern human also implies medicinal plant and their part for the treatment of disease in the form of herbal medicine. It is not possible to pinpoint the percentage of traditional medicine use around the globe, evidence showed that the majority of the population in developing nations consistently based upon natural medicine and 50% of population rely on natural products in developed countries. Most of organic molecules has been developed from the plant part. From 1981 to 2002, 45% of drugs have been approved for infectious diseases that are obtained from the natural product as well as tropical forests contributed as 25% for the development of medicine [2]. A phenolic compound such as phenolic acid flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, coumarins, lignans, and lignins are mainly present in part of natural products that show multiple biological effects [3]. In our routine nutraceutical diet like turmeric, cardamom, garlic, onion, ginger, tulsi, cloves, etc. contain medicinal value which is historically used for treatment of various diseases [4].

Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder of fat, protein, and carbohydrates metabolism. It is characterized by an excess of blood glucose, because pancreatic β-cells does not produce sufficient insulin that is required to convert sugar, starch and other food into energy [5]. The recent review elaborate the use of natural products for therapeutics of diabetes. Flowers, fruits, roots of endemic plant species are the ethnomedicine which are introduced by local community in the form of crude extract for cure of diabetes [6]. Moreover, in some situation, plants extract itself treating diabetes-related disorders like polydipsia, polyuria, glucosuria, etc. Charak samhita reported the implementation of plant, herbs, and their various derivatives for the management of diabetes mellitus. About 450 plants have been implemented and nearly 750 recipes are presently used to manage diabetes mellitus of two-third populations in the globe. Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Araliaceae are the plants family which have reported anti-diabetic activity [7]. S. cumini, A. indica, O. tenuflorum, M. koenigii, L. usitatissimum, etc. are having anti-diabetic activity, are already reported in Ayurveda [8].

1.2 MECHANISM OF ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT

1.2.1 GINSENG

This medicinal plant is mostly used in research for anti-diabetic activity and it was found that the efficacy as well as the potency of the plant depends upon geographical location, dosage, and the type of diabetes. Ginseng saponins such as glycans, panaxans I, J, K, and L had a hypoglycemic activity (Figure 1.1). The ginsenoside Rh2 can stimulate the production of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminal. Released acetylcholine stimulates muscarinic (M3) receptor in β-cells of pancreas, therefore increase of excess insulin take place [9–11].

FIGURE 1.1 Mode of activity of ginseng to enhance glucose metabolism.

Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref.[68]. © 2011 Springer Nature.

1.2.2 MOMORDICA CHARANTIA

Momordica charantia, it has long list of common name such as bitter guard, bitter melon, balsam pear or ‘fugkwa.’ The hypoglycemic activity is achieved due to vicine, polypeptide-P, and charantin containing mixed sterols that facilitate glucose uptake and glycogen formation in muscle cell and liver and reduce glucose synthesis (Figure 1.2). Bitter melon reduces the blood glucose concentration via suppression of STZ induces peroxidation and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, by increasing the glycogen formation in liver with activating hepatic glucokinase, hexokinase, and phospho-fructokinase [9, 12].

FIGURE 1.2 Diagrammatic pathway of bitter melon to reduce blood glucose.

Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref.[68]. © 2011 Springer Nature.

1.2.3 FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM)

Trigonella foenum-graecum is natural remedies source from dried seeds of a plant found in India, Africa, and China. It consists of active chemical constituent like 4-hydroxy isoleucine (an amino acid derived from fenugreek). It helps to enhance the production of insulin, reduce insulin resistance and therefore decrease blo...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Editors
• Contents
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Preface
• 1. A Short Overview on Anti-Diabetic Natural Products: Reviewing the Herbotherapeutic Potentials
• 2. Exploring the Hidden Ethnobotanical Treasures for Treating or Managing Chronic Alcoholism
• 3. Reviewing the Aphrodisiac Activity of Lepedium meyenii Plant in Modern Contexts
• 4. Matter, Plasma, Quasi Two-Dimensional Au Film, Drug Products Quality, and Circular Economy
• 5. Deep Insights into the Privileged Herbotherapeutic Inventory for Hemorrhoidal Treatment
• 6. Precision, Immunotherapy, Immuno Oncology, and Research in Cancer
• 7. Oxidative Stress-Protective/Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Loliolide
• 8. Recent Advancements in the Pharmacotherapeutic Perspectives of Some Chalcone Scaffolds Containing Natural Compounds as Potential Anti-Virals
• 9. Ethnoscience, Alternative Medicine, Inflammation, and Pain Models
• 10. Orange Fruit and Bioplastics with Limonene and No Bisphenol A
• 11. Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
• 12. Oestradiol, Aging Theory, Women/LGBT Difficulties and Motivation
• 13. Women, Men, Health, Big Data, Taste to Classify and Innovation
• Index