Automotive Systems

Principles and Practice

G.K. Awari, V.S. Kumbhar, R.B. Tirpude

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781000262018
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Architecture General

This book introduces the principles and practices in automotive systems, including modern automotive systems that incorporate the latest trends in the automobile industry. The fifteen chapters present new and innovative methods to master the complexities of the vehicle of the future. Topics like vehicle classification, structure and layouts, engines, transmissions, braking, suspension and steering are illustrated with modern concepts, such as battery-electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles and vehicle maintenance practices. Each chapter is supported with examples, illustrative figures, multiple-choice questions and review questions. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in automotive/automobile engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, this book covers the following:

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• Construction and working details of all modern as well as fundamental automotive systems

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• Complexities of operation and assembly of various parts of automotive systems in a simplified manner

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• Handling of automotive systems and integration of various components for smooth functioning of the vehicle

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• Modern topics such as battery-electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles

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• Illustrative examples, figures, multiple-choice questions and review questions at the end of each chapter

1 Automobile Evaluation and Market Review

Outcome

Learning Objectives

• History and evolution of the automobile industry
• Brief review of Indian/global automotive and automotive components manufacturers
• Recent developments in vehicular technologies
• Indian and global OEMs

1.1 Introduction

The development of automobiles is associated with the process of civilization and overall growth of the human race. The self-propelled vehicle used for the transportation of goods and passengers is called a motor vehicle. Industries associated with the motor vehicle are engaged in its design, development and manufacturing as per the rules and regulations laid out by various authorities and as per customer needs.

The global automotive industry and its allied industries are major contributors to the world’s economy and employment. Enhancement of technologies has enhanced their market potential as well. There are various manufactures related to these industries located across the globe.

Currently, the automotive industry is in a phase of transformation due to various socioeconomic factors, global policies, emerging markets trends, etc. E-mobility, sharing of vehicles, electrical vehicles and connected cars are some of the trends in the automotive industry.

1.2 History and Evolution of Vehicles

The journey of transportation started from the invention of the wheel, initially from the oxcart to high-speed vehicles. Generally, an automobile consists of a number of assembly and subassembly parts. Germany is considered the birthplace of the automobile, as most of the research in automobile has been carried out there. Captain Nicolas Cugnot, a Frenchman, is considered to be the father of automobiles. He built the first self-propelled vehicle in 1969–1970. Self-propelled steam engine vehicles developed in France were named Cugnot’s artillery tractors. The first practical steam car was built by Richard Trevithick of England using a crankshaft in 1802. Julius Griffiths of England designed the first comfortable steam-powered vehicle in 1821. The gas-engine-powered car was built in 1863. Carl Benz of Germany also developed a three-wheel, or three-wheel-drive, vehicle powered by an Otto-cycle internal combustion engine. Carl Benz, the German invented a completely new form of vehicle in 1894. The engine was mounted in front of the frame, connected to the clutch, the transmission of the sliding gear and the differential. The vehicle also had brake pedals and an accelerator. Charles E. Duryea and his brother Frank Duryea of Massachusetts successfully operated the first gasoline-powered vehicle in America on September 12, 1892. The vehicle was powered by a 4-horsepower (2.9 kW) gasoline engine. It became known as the “horseless buggy”. Henry Ford began the development of the “quadricycle” in 1895, which was powered by a two-cylinder gasoline engine. The same year, 300 cars were manufactured in the USA. The first front-mounted power units were installed in Columbia in 1900. In 1901, Oldsmobile began development of its framed curved car wash. The Cadillac Company was founded in 1902. The Brick Motor Company and the Ford Motor Car Company were founded in 1903 and the Packard Company relocated to Detroit. In year 1902, Cadillac produced 1,895 units and Oldsmobile 4,000 units. In 1905, Brick produced 750 cars. In 1908, Ford placed 20,000 of its Model T vehicles on the roads.

From 1900 onwards, the improved design of automobiles completely awakened the public to the greater utility of this modern mode of transport. During 1900–1906, the manufacture and sale of these automobiles became widespread. In America alone, there were 121 car manufactures. The years that followed, 1906–1920, are considered the era of mass production in the automotive industry.

A typical car produced in 1910 was the first diesel vehicle on the roads of the UK was a Mercedes lorry in 1928, the first diesel car in series production was the 1936 Mercedes 260 D. In the meantime, a diesel-powered vehicle, the Bentley, competed the RAC Rally in 1932 at an average speed of 128 km/h. In the mid-1970s, Volkswagen fitted a 1.5 L indirect injection engine

(IDI) to the Golf (Rabbit in the USA).

1.3 Indian Automotive Market

The first car on Indian roads appeared in 1897, and the first Indian to own a car was Jamshedji Tata, in 1901. It was in 1942, before India gained its independence, that Hindustan Motors produced India’s first car.

Today, India is a core pillar of the global automotive market. India’s policies, actions and initiatives have a direct impact on the global automotive landscape. The automotive industry is a pillar of Indian economy and a key driver of macro-economic growth and technological advancement. Currently, the automotive industry contributes more than 7% to the total GDP, and as per the Automotive Mission Plan (AMP) 2016–2026, its contribution is projected to increase to 12%. India is expected to emerge as the world’s third-largest passenger vehicle market by 2021. The estimated employment potential is about 32 million people, directly and indirectly. The milestones of the Indian automotive industry are as follows:

• The industry currently manufactures 25 million vehicles, of which 3.5 million are exported.
• India has a good place in the international heavy vehicles arena as it is the top in tractor manufacturing, second in bus manufacturing and third in heavy trucks...