CHAPTER ONE
OUR âCREED-ABLEâ FAITH
IN The Two Towers, the second book of J. R. R. Tolkienâs Lord of the Rings trilogy, the hobbits Frodo and Samwise must cross a swamp called the Dead Marshes. Their only guide is Gollum, who might kill to steal the Ring of Power that Frodo is carrying. Supposedly âtamed,â Gollum promises to lead them safely across, though Sam suspects treachery. âTrust SmĂŠagol!â Gollum urges. âHe can take you through the marshes, through the mists, nice thick mists.â The nearly invisible path meanders through pools and quicksand. As will-oâ-the-wisps lure them toward dark water, Gollum warns: âFollow SmĂŠagol! Donât look at lights!â
The Different Faces of Faith
The word creed comes into English from a Latin verb meaning âto believe.â The verb is credere, and it has spun off many words such as credible (and incredible), credulous, credit, and so on. A creed is a statement or list of beliefsânot necessarily religious ones. But, for many moderns, there lurks a dark suspicion that creeds in general hobble the mindâs instinct to range free. After all, the world is full of alluring lights.
The idea most closely linked to a creed is faith in it. Like creed, faith comes from another Latin verb, fidere, and has spun off its own set of English words including fidelity, confidence, and fiduciary. The underlying notion is trust. But again, as with creeds, moderns suspect that faith is dangerous because in their minds it is blind. For them, seeing is believing; they want hard facts backed up with plenty of evidence. The world is full of mists; people want to know, not trust.
But is faith blind? The Hebrew word for âfaithâ means firm or solid, like solid ground. Such ground is true because it is reliableâyou can put your weight on it and you wonât sink. Whatâs more, you become firm to the extent that you put your weight on what is firm. In the snippet from The Two Towers that begins this chapter, Gollum knows where to find solid ground in swampy country. The Hebrew does not mean that Gollum makes the ground firm but only that he is trustworthy enough to locate it. Plus, when Frodo and Samwise do as he says, they stand on firm ground and are themselves firm.
Faith thus involves a personal relationship. Faith is not, says Peter Kreeft, âthe relation between an intellect and an idea but the relation between an I and a Thou.â1 But a relationship includes a certain level of risk. The believer relies on the giver of a promise to deliver on it (see Gen. 15:1ff) or on the guide to know the route (Ex. 14:15â31; Deut. 1:28â32). Logically, too, a relationship means the believer accepts risk. This is what Paul means by âthe obedience of faithâ: The believer hears the directions and acts upon them (Rom. 1:5; 16:26).2 Once Frodo and Samwise decide to trust Gollumâs promise to lead them through the Dead Marshes, they commit themselves to follow him and do what he says: âFollow SmĂŠagol! Donât look at lights!â
Creeds and the Way Things Are
True, âfaith is not science.â Rather, faith doesnât use the scientific method. Faith does not observe, collect, measure, and analyze data. But it may use the results; scientists themselves have to believe their conclusions, as they must the principles on which science is based. But faith is a form of knowledge, as are judgment, wisdom, insight, intuition, and personal experience.
Faith knows by contemplating. As those who study the visual arts recognize, you know a painting the more you look at it. And the more you look at it, the more you discover about itâand often about yourself. The canvas seems to reveal, to remove the veil from itself, allowing you to discover its mysteryâthat something more that keeps pulling you back for another look.
Itâs the same with personalities, including your own. If you have ever studied the eyes of a loved one, you are contemplating a mystery. What you see there recedes into a deep unknown; even as you glimpse it, more awaits just beyond your look. You look again, you ponder, you ask, you listen. Mystery draws you into itself; you look away only to be drawn back. Attraction gives way to knowledge, knowledge to a kind of love, and love to faith.3
Good as all that is, human faith cannot get far on its own. The heavens proclaim the glory of God (Ps. 19:1) and creation his existence (Rom. 1:20). But it takes a nudge from God himself to hear it. We call that nudge grace. No one can know the mind of God without it (Rom. 11:33â36), but God provides that knowledge by stimulating and guiding faith (1 Cor. 2:9â12).
People sometimes call faith a âleap,â because it results in a decision to act. Faith uses what it gleans from other forms of knowledge, but it must eventually step out from the safety of observation onto the surface of mystery and trust the mystery to hold firm.
Which brings us to the creeds. The two best known and most used are the Apostlesâ Creed and the Nicene Creed, which most Catholics callâone, or the other, or bothâsimply the Creed.
Both begin with the words, âI believe inâŚâ followed by mind-boggling statements:
⢠An all-powerful God created the universe.
⢠This God is three Persons whose Son became human through being born of a virgin.
⢠He was executed but rose to life again.
⢠There is a Holy Spirit and a Church.
⢠Human beings will rise after they die.
⢠They will live forever.
Notice the verb tenses. Certain statements happened in the past, others are ongoing now, and still others will happen in the future. By saying âI believe,â you place your weight on these statements in the expectation that each is true.
In other words, the Creed commits you to a view of reality. This, it says, is the way things are.4 Now, it is one thing to accept the historical statements as true and the present-tense statements as valid. But you are staking your entire destiny on what the Creed says about the future. If the past and the present statements are false, then you lose nothing if you treat the future statements as false.
A âHierarchyâ of Truths
Surprisingly, the Church has never compiled a list of everything it believes. Which beliefs are central to the Christian faith? The Catechism answers by referring to âan order or âhierarchyâ of truths.â5 Does that mean that some truths are âmore trueâ than others? No. It means that some are closer to the core of the faith than others. The Creeds list what the most central truths are.
According to the Catechism, the core truth of Christian faith is the mystery of God as a Trinity of Persons:
The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Christian faith and life. It is the mystery of God in himself. It is therefore the source of all the other mysteries of faithâŚ. It is the most fundamental and essential teaching in the âhierarchy of the truths of faith.â The whole history of salvation is identical with the history of the way and the means by which the one true God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, reveals himself to men âand reconciles and unites with himself those who turn away from sin.6
All other Christian beliefs âfan outâ from that one.
But if the past and present statements are true, what do you make of the future ones? The Creed guides your foot onto new ground.
What the Creeds Are For
Many religions or guiding philosophies seem to do quite well without a formal creed. Judaism and Islam codify laws of behavior but allow (within limits) a fairly wide range of beliefs. Hinduism as a religion and Buddhism as an encompassing philosophy focus more on transformation through self-discipline or enlightenment than on fidelity to doctrines. Of course, there must be some beliefs or there would be no religion or universally applied philosophy:
⢠Buddhaâs Eightfold Path begins with Right Knowledge.
⢠Hinduism believes that the truth of life lies within the self.
⢠Islam proclaims âno god but Allah.â
⢠Judaism holds as fundamental that God is One beingâhimself.
Christianity is one of the few religions that has a creed with several variants. It developed for historical reasons, as explained in chapter 2. As formulated, the Creed serves four main functions.
First, it is confessional. By saying âI believe,â you commit yourself to what the Creed says. âBut faith is not an isolated act. No one can believe solely alone. You have not given yourself faith, just as you have not given yourself life.â7 You have received faith from others and should hand it on to others. The Creed unites you to a community of believers and commits you to passing it on.
Second, it is liturgical. Recitation of the Creed is an act of worship. It is part of the liturgy of baptism, where the candid...