Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles

User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing

Neville Stanton, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Patrick Langdon, Neville Stanton, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Patrick Langdon

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780367466640
• eBook ISBN: 9781000347975
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Computer Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Driving automation and autonomy are already upon us and the problems that were predicted twenty years ago are beginning to appear. These problems include shortfalls in expected benefits, equipment unreliability, driver skill fade, and error-inducing equipment designs. Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles: User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing investigates the difficult problem of how to interface drivers with automated vehicles by offering an inclusive, human-centred design process that focusses on human variability and capability in interaction with interfaces.

This book introduces a novel method that combines both systems thinking and inclusive user-centred design. It models driver interaction, provides design specifications, concept designs, and the results of studies in simulators on the test track, and in road going vehicles.

This book is for designers of systems interfaces, interactions, UX, Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners involved with systems engineering and automotive academics._

"In this book, Prof Stanton and colleagues show how Human Factors methods can be applied to the tricky problem of interfacing human drivers with vehicle automation. They have developed an approach to designing the human-automation interaction for the handovers between the driver and the vehicle. This approach has been tested in driving simulators and, most interestingly, in real vehicles on British motorways. The approach, called User-Centred Ecological Interface Design, has been validated against driver behaviour and used to support their ongoing work on vehicle automation. I highly recommend this book for anyone interested, or involved, in designing human-automation interaction in vehicles and beyond."

Professor Michael A. Regan, University of NSW Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Part I

Modelling

1 UCEID – The Best of Both Worlds

Combining Ecological Interface Design with User-Centred Design in a Novel Human Factors Method Applied to Automated Driving

Kirsten M. A. Revell

University of Southampton

Patrick Langdon

Edinburgh Napier University

Michael Bradley

University of Cambridge

Ioannis Politis

The MathWorks Inc.

James W.H. Brown

University of Southampton

Simon Thompson, Lee Skrypchuk, and Alexandros Mouzakitis

Jaguar Land Rover

Neville A. Stanton

University of Southampton

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Why Use UCEID?

1.2 The UCEID Method

1.2.1 Literature Review

1.2.2 Data Collection

1.2.3 Thematic Analysis

1.2.4 Cognitive Work Analysis

1.2.5 Consolidation and Ideas Generation

1.2.6 Filtering and Checking

1.3 Methodological Considerations

1.3.1 Advantages

1.3.2 Disadvantages

1.3.3 Training and Application Time

1.3.4 Tools

1.4 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

1.1 Introduction

Human factors (HF) methods exist to tackle problems relating to the interaction between human and other elements of the system – i.e. existing methods of design, evaluation, and procurement have failed to address. These types of problems are often resistant to purely technical interventions, resulting in less effective system performance (Stanton et al. 2013). With ever-increasing rates of technological advancement, it is more difficult for companies to compete on functionality, reliability, or cost (Green and Jordan 1999). HF methods offer a means to provide a competitive edge by harnessing technology to enable people to accomplish meaningful, real-world tasks.

HF methods fall into a range of categories that are relevant for application at different parts of the design process (Stanton et al. 2013). The UCEID process includes a combination of ‘data collection’, ‘task analysis’, and ‘cognitive work analysis (CWA)’ techniques. Figure 1.1 shows how different methods are suitable at different stages of the design process. The UCEID method is positioned early in the design process to allow ‘analytical prototyping’, the means of applying HF insights to systems or designs that are yet to exist in physical form. It covers a combination of ‘identify needs’ and ‘developing concept’ stages of the design process taking the analyst to ‘initial design concept’ stage, not final concept. A key finding from inclusive user-centred design (UCD) advises an active process of linked iteration between technology prototypes and user trials is necessary to meet the dual needs of diverse user demographics and technology delivery requirements (Langdon et al. 2014) (see Figure 1.1).

FIGURE 1.1 Diagram to show where the UCEID method fits into the design process in relation to other HF methods. (Amended from Stanton et al. 2013.)

1.1.1 Why Use UCEID?

UCEID is a novel HF method that integrates relationships between ecological interface design (EID) (McIlroy and Stanton 2015) and inclusive human-centred design by combining the existing methodology from the CWA framework (Rasmussen, Pejtersen and Goodstein 1994; Vicente 1999; Jenkins et al. 2008) and inclusive UCD (Czajkowski et al. 2001; Langdon and Thimbleby 2010). EID is based on Gibsonian methodology that aims to make constraints of the system and environment explicit, so that the appropriate action is apparent to the system user (McIlroy and Stanton 2015). While both EID and UCD emphasise the user at each stage of the design process, they differ in their approach. UCD has a greater focus on end user wants, needs, and limitations within single-user actions, whereas EID focuses on incorporating user wants and needs within a complex system, constrained by the values and purpose of the overall system. Some of the values relate to stakeholders that may at times be in conflict with the end user wants and needs. Both methods aim to provide the user with a visual ‘mental model’ to guide possible action (Norman 2013), but EID’s remit within complex systems extends to providing a mental model that enables the user to troubleshooting unanticipated events (Burns and Hajdukiewicz 2004). UCDs focus on usability and can ensure solutions to meet the EID remit are easy to use and learn. EIDs focus on values and constraints based on the overall purpose of the system, and can ensure that the design solutions proposed by UCD are relevant and systematically prioritised. The UCEID approach engages with stakeholders, subject matter experts, and users to produce outputs that generate design requirements. Initial design concepts are then produced following a design workshop and concept filtering activity.

The UCEID method is best suited to complex sociotechnical systems where the user plays a critical role in the interaction. Domains that are complex exude some of the following qualities: high risk, dynamic, uncertain, with interconnected parts. Vehicle-initiated, vehicle-to-driver takeover in an SAE Level 3 (SAE International 2018) autonomous vehicle fits the criteria of a complex sociotechnical system and will be used to illustrate the application of this method.

1.2 The UCEID Method

The UCEID method is compiled from a rich range of activities, starting with defining the scenario and aims of analysis, and ending with the generation of design concepts. Following the recommended criteria for depicting a method (Stanton et al. 2013), Figure 1.2 depicts a step-by-step process that can be followed ‘like a recipe’. The flowchart in Figure 1.2 describes the sequence of 16 steps (rectangles), including literature review, data collection, thematic analysis, CWA, consolidation and ideas generation, and filtering and checking. Steps within boxes can be undertaken in parallel, and decision points (diamonds) and feedback loops occur at different points in the ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Editors
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Part I Modelling
• Part II Lo-Fi and Hi-Fi Simulators
• Part III Benchmarking
• Part IV HMI Simulator
• Part V On-Road and Design Guidelines
• Chapter 17 Can Allowing Interface Customisation Increase Driver Confidence and Safety Levels in Automated Vehicle TORs?
• Chapter 18 Effects of Customisable HMI on Subjective Evaluation of Takeover Experience on the Road
• Chapter 19 Accommodating Drivers’ Preferences Using a Customised Takeover Interface on UK Motorways
• Chapter 20 Validating OESDs in an On-Road Study of Semi-Automated Vehicle-to-Human Driver Takeovers
• Chapter 21 Design Constraints and Guidelines for the Automation–Human Interface
• Author Index
• Subject Index
• Inclusivity Index