Young Children's Play
Development, Disabilities, and Diversity
Jeffrey Trawick-Smith
- 282 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Young Children's Play
Development, Disabilities, and Diversity
Jeffrey Trawick-Smith
About This Book
Young Children's Play: Development, Disabilities, and Diversity is an accessible, comprehensive introduction to play and development from birth to age 8 years that introduces readers to various play types and strategies and helps them determine when intervention might be needed. Skillfully addressing both typically developing children and those with special needs in a single volume, this book covers dramatic play, blocks, games, motor play, artistic play, and non-traditional play forms, such as humor, rough and tumble play, and more.
Designed to support contemporary classrooms, this text deliberately interweaves practical strategies for understanding and supporting the play of children with specific disabilities (e.g. autism, Down syndrome, or physically challenging conditions) and those of diverse cultural backgrounds into every chapter. In sections divided by age group, Trawick-Smith explores strategies for engaging children with specific special needs, multicultural backgrounds, and incorporating adult–child play and play intervention. Emphasizing diversity in play behaviors, each chapter includes vignettes featuring children's play and teacher interactions in classrooms to illustrate core concepts in action.
Filled with research-based applications for professional practice, this text is an essential resource for students of early childhood and special education, as well as teachers and coaches supporting early grades or inclusive classrooms.
Frequently asked questions
Information
Chapter 1
What Is Play and Why Is It Important?
Definition of Play
- Self-chosen: To be considered play, an activity must be chosen by the child, not assigned or directed by an adult. Play can be influenced by the suggestions of others. Peers can offer suggestions (e.g., “Let’s say you’re the firefighter and need to save me.”); so can adults (e.g., “Is the baby crying? I wonder if she needs a doctor.”). But a child must choose to engage in a behavior for it to be considered play.
- Non-literal: To be play, a behavior must be distinct from serious, important, adult-regulated life. All players understand that thoughts and actions in play are not completely real. When a child in play says, “There’s a tornado coming!” all other children know that this is not really happening. A game can be non-literal if children (and adults) do not view the outcome as important. In play, winners and losers do not matter very much.
- Intrinsically motivated: To be play, a behavior must be motivated by children’s own desires, interests, needs, feelings, or curiosities. Play comes from within. A 7-year-old who stands at the top of a climber and calls out, “I climbed up the tower of doom!” is not doing so to get attention or praise. She does this for the thrill of taking a risk. Any activity that is performed to please adults, earn stickers or rewards, or get attention—no matter how playful it seems—is not considered play.
- Active: To be play, a behavior must be active. Simply standing near peers who are playing, without any involvement, is not true play. Physical action is one sign of play. But a child who is playing can also be mentally active. A child who is quietly creating a structure with table blocks is playing, because her mind is active, even if her body is not.
- Process-oriented: In play, a child focuses on the experience itself, not some end goal. A good example is a child who creates a finger painting. He adds many different colors until the work becomes a brownish smear. He then leaves the table, uninterested in the final product. Certainly, children can be proud of their play (e.g., “Look at my block building! Quick, take a picture of it!”). But the focus of play is on the activity itself, not how it comes out.
- Emotionally meaningful: To be play, a behavior must include feelings that are meaningful to the child. In most cases these feelings are positive, even joyful. A child who is twirling an egg beater at the water play table, until water splashes on his peers, is obviously experiencing delight (although perhaps his peers are not). But there are other examples of how play includes feelings that are not positive, but are still meaningful. A child who is to have surgery may give a stuffed animal injections in a pretend hospital play center. Clearly, his emotions are not positive. Yet his feelings are very meaningful. He is gaining feelings of control over his anxieties. In play children experience all kinds of important, personal feelings.
Theories about the Importance of Play
Theory | Author | Key Ideas | Practical Application |
---|---|---|---|
Surplus Energy Theory | Schiller | Play is a “release valve” that allows children to let off steam. | After a long math lesson, a teacher sees that her first-grade students are wiggly, inattentive, and seem to have lots of pent up energy. She sends them out onto the playground to run and play in order to release all that stored up vigor. |
Recreation Theory | Lazarus | After hard work in the classroom, children need to “recharge their batteries.” Play restores spent energy. | During an overly long shared reading experience in a preschool, children begin to look tired. A free play time is provided to rejuvenate and reenergize the children. |
Practice Theory | Groos | As children play, they practice and refine many of the adult skills they will need later in life. | A toddler teacher provides a housekeeping center with family-related props so children can play out the roles of mothers, fathers, or other family members. She facilitates play so that both boys and girls practice holding, feeding, and nurturing “children”—a variety of dolls and puppets. |
Psychoanalytic Theory | Freud, Erikson, Axeline | As children play, they identify and overcome anxieties and fears. | A preschool teacher sets up a make-believe hospital because one of her students will soon have surgery. This setting will allow this child, and others, to play out their anxieties and master them. |
Cognitive Theory | Piaget | Play is a way that children recreate important events in their lives, so it becomes a window for observing their intellectual development—particularly their symbolic thinking. | A kindergarten teacher assesses her students’ thinking by observing their interactions in a make-believe grocery store. She notes the degree to which each child understands the roles of grocery employees and shoppers and how well they are able to use symbols—make-believe actions, roles, or objects to stand for things that are not present. |
Sociocultural Theory | Vygotsky | Play encourages children to think and behave in their most mature ways. When pretending to be adults, children learn important skills and behaviors. | A second-grade teacher creates a make-believe weather station in the classroom and encourages children to pretend to be meteorologists. She notes how conscientious and mature the children are as they carry out roles in serious, adult-like ways. |
Play Communication Theory | Bateson | When children are playing, they must use communication skills—verbal and nonverbal—... |