Thermodynamics and Heat Power, Ninth Edition

Irving Granet, Jorge Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000198614
• Edition: 9
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Mechanics

The ninth edition of Thermodynamics and Heat Power contains a revised sequence of thermodynamics concepts including physical properties, processes, and energy systems, to enable the attainment of learning outcomes by Engineering and Engineering Technology students taking an introductory course in thermodynamics. Built around an easily understandable approach, this updated text focuses on thermodynamics fundamentals, and explores renewable energy generation, IC engines, power plants, HVAC, and applied heat transfer. Energy, heat, and work are examined in relation to thermodynamics cycles, and the effects of fluid properties on system performance are explained. Numerous step-by-step examples and problems make this text ideal for undergraduate students.

This new edition:

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• Introduces physics-based mathematical formulations and examples in a way that enables problem-solving.

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• Contains extensive learning features within each chapter, and basic computational exercises for in-class and laboratory activities.

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• Includes a straightforward review of applicable calculus concepts.

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• Uses everyday examples to foster a better understanding of thermal science and engineering concepts.

This book is suitable for undergraduate students in engineering and engineering technology.

1
Fundamental Concepts

Learning Goals

After reading and studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to

1. 1. Define thermodynamics as the study of energy and the conversion of energy from one form to another.
2. 2. Understand the importance of thermodynamics in today’s world.
3. 3. Use the observable external characteristics that are known as properties to describe a system.
4. 4. Establish and convert from one system of temperature measurement to another and understand the four methods of measuring temperature.
5. 5. Use both the English and SI systems of units.
6. 6. Use the elementary kinetic theory of gases to establish the concepts of pressure, temperature, density, specific weight, specific volume, and Avogadro’s law.
7. 7. Use the concept of pressure in both English and SI units (gauge and absolute pressure definitions are important ideas that are necessary for engineering applications).
8. 8. Use the concept that fluids exert pressures that can be expressed in terms of the height and specific weight of the column of fluid.
9. 9. Describe the various methods of measuring pressure and the methods used to calibrate pressure-measuring devices.

1.1 Introduction

Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, the properties of the media used, including fluids (liquid and gases), and the processes involved. Thermodynamics is also the study of the conversion of one form of energy into another. Because energy can be derived from electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other means, thermodynamics plays an important role in all branches of engineering, physics, chemistry, and the biological sciences.

In defining the word thermodynamics, we used the terms energy, heat, and work. It is necessary to examine these terms in detail, and this will be done in subsequent chapters. In this chapter, certain fundamental concepts are defined, and basic ideas are developed for future use.

Even in our modern age, which has seen changes in our understanding of how the world works, the basics of thermodynamics and its fundamental laws remain valid and always applicable. They apply to biological, chemical, electromagnetic, and mechanical systems. They apply to microscopic as well as macroscopic systems. In this textbook, the emphasis is on practical mechanical systems, including engines and heat-transfer devices.

The study of thermodynamics has never been so important as it is today. We live in an interconnected world where energy is a fundamental part of our lives. The cars that we drive, the computers we use, the appliances we rely on, and the homes and buildings we live in, all involve the use and transformation of energy for different purposes. Understanding the basics of thermodynamics and its fundamental laws is an important step in the design, analysis, and wise management of energy resources and systems.

1.2 Thermodynamic Systems

In physics, when studying the motion of a rigid body (i.e., a body that is not deformed or only slightly deformed by the forces acting on it), extensive use is made of free-body diagrams. Briefly, a free-body diagram is an outline of a body (or a portion of a body) showing all the external forces acting on it. A free-body diagram is one e...