The Prince
1 Duke Lodovico was Lodovico Moro, a son of Francesco Sforza, who married Beatrice d’Este. He ruled over Milan from 1494 to 1500, and died in 1510.
2 Louis XII, King of France, “The Father of the People,” born 1462, died 1515.
3 Charles VIII, King of France, born 1470, died 1498.
4 Louis XII divorced his wife, Jeanne, daughter of Louis XI, and married in 1499 Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles VIII, in order to retain the Duchy of Brittany for the crown.
5 The Archbishop of Rouen. He was Georges d’Amboise, created a cardinal by Alexander VI. Born 1460, died 1510.
6 Hiero II, born about 307 B.C., died 216 B.C.
7 “Le radici e corrispondenze,” their roots (i.e. foundations) and correspondencies or relations with other states—a common meaning of “correspondence” and “correspondency” in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
8 Francesco Sforza, born 1401, died 1466. He married Bianca Maria Visconti, a natural daughter of Filippo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, on whose death he procured his own elevation to the duchy. Machiavelli was the accredited agent of the Florentine Republic to Cesare Borgia (1478–1507) during the transactions that led up to the assassinations of the Orsini and Vitelli at Sinigallia, and along with his letters to his chiefs in Florence he has left an account, written ten years before The Prince, of the proceedings of the duke in his Descritione del modo tenuto dal duca Valentino nello ammazzare Vitellozzo Vitelli, etc., a translation of which is appended to the present work.
9 Sinigallia, December 31, 1502.
11 Alexander VI died of fever, August 18, 1503.
12 Julius II was Giuliano della Rovere, Cardinal of San Pietro ad Vincula, born 1443, died 1513.
13 San Giorgio is Raffaello Riario. Ascanio is Ascanio Sforza.
14 Agathocles the Sicilian, born 361 B.C., died 289 B.C.
15 Lawrence Burd suggests that this word probably comes near the modern equivalent of Machiavelli’s thought when he speaks of crudeltà than the more obvious “cruelties.”
16 Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.
17 This event is to be found in Machiavelli’s Florentine History, Book III.
18 Charles VIII invaded Italy in 1494.
19 Pope Leo X was the Cardinal de’ Medici.
20 “With chalk in hand,” “col gesso.” This is one of the bons mots of Alexander VI, and refers to the ease with which Charles VIII seized Italy, implying that it was only necessary for him to send his quartermasters to chalk up the billets for his soldiers to conquer the country. Cf. The History of Henry VII, by Lord Bacon: “King Charles had conquered the realm of Naples, and lost it again, in a kind of a felicity of a dream. He passed the whole length of Italy without resistance: so that it was true what Pope Alexander was wont to say: That the Frenchmen came into Italy with chalk in their hands, to mark up their lodgings, rather than with swords to fight.”
21 Battle of Caravaggio, September 15, 1448.
22 Johanna II of Naples, the widow of Ladislao, King of Naples.
23 An English knight whose name was Sir John Hawkwood. He fought in the English wars in France, and was knighted by Edward III; afterward he collected a body of troops and went into Italy. These became the famous “White Company.” He took part in many wars, and died in Florence in 1394. He was born about 1320 at Sible Hedingham, a village in Essex. He married Domnia, a daughter of Bernabò Visconti.
24 Francesco Bussone, born at Carmagnola about 1390, executed at Venice, May 5, 1432.
25 Bartolomeo Colleoni of Bergamo, died 1457. Roberto of San Severino, died fighting for Venice against Sigismund, Duke of Austria, in 1487; “primo capitano in Italia”—Machiavelli. “Count of Pitigliano”: Nicolo Orsini, born 1442, died 1510.
26 Battle of Vailà in 1509.
27 Alberico da Barbiano, Count of Cunio in Romagna. He was the ...
