Wordcraft

The Complete Guide to Clear, Powerful Writing

Jack Hart

• Publisher: University of Chicago Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780226749075
• eBook ISBN: 9780226749105
• Topic: Languages & Linguistics
• Subtopic: Linguistics
• Index: Languages & Linguistics

Legendary writing coach Jack Hart spent twenty-six years at the Oregonian and has taught students and professionals of all stripes, including bloggers, podcasters, and more than one Pulitzer Prize winner. Good writing, he says, has the same basic attributes regardless of genre or medium. Wordcraft shares Hart's techniques for achieving those attributes in one of the most broadly useful writing books ever written.

Originally published in 2006 as A Writer's Coach, the book has been updated to address the needs of writers well beyond print journalists. Hart breaks the writing process into a series of manageable steps, from idea to polishing. Filled with real-world examples, both good and bad, Wordcraft shows how to bring such characteristics as force, brevity, clarity, rhythm, and color to any kind of writing.

Wordcraft now functions as a set with the second edition of Hart's book Storycraft, on the art of storytelling, also available from Chicago.

1

Method

My father never had truck driver’s block.

—Roger Simon

THE AGONY AND THE METHODOLOGY

The pain of writing is legend. And its intensity hardly varies between the student facing a research-paper deadline, the office worker thrashing out a report, and the seasoned professional writing for publication.

When I run a writing seminar, I often hand out a questionnaire that, among other things, quizzes the participants about the emotion they bring to their writing. Someone invariably quotes Dorothy Parker, the New York literary wit who said she hated writing, but loved having written. “It’s agony and ecstasy,” one writer said. “When I get the idea, and when I’m finished . . . it’s joyful. Everything in between is agony.”

Why should that be? Physically, writing’s relatively easy work. Take it from a guy who’s loaded log ships, pumped gas, and tarred roofs in the midsummer sun. Writers work on their butts and out of the weather. So what’s with all this whining?

And why the avoidance, which one writer labeled “tap dancing”? “I’ll dance around the story,” he said, “putting it off because I think it’s harder than it invariably is.”

What’s the first thing you do when facing a new writing assignment? I ask. “Get a cup of coffee,” a journalist replied. “More difficult story, more coffee, more trips to the bathroom, more procrastination.”

“But is it really procrastination,” another writer asked, “when I’m walking around, getting another cup of coffee, and thinking about the story? More likely, it’s a paralysis from possibilities: possible stories, possible leads, possible story flow.”

Exactly! Paralysis from possibilities. The tendency to see the task ahead as overwhelming explains most keyboard anxiety. For a variety of reasons, we view writing from the back end. Day in and day out, we witness the finished work of accomplished writers. In our mind’s eye we stroll down street after street of beautiful homes, ignorant of the piece-by-piece construction that created them, one two-by-four at a time. “Look at that gorgeous building,” we think. “The craftsmanship. The detail work. The sheer size of the thing! I could never build something like that.”

Time for another cup of coffee.

But there’s another way to look at it. One year I watched four row houses rise on the lot next door. The work was noisy, messy, and distracting, but instructive, too. From the logging crew that brought in chain saws and cleared the lot to the roofers who nailed on the shingles, not one bit of work went into those houses that you or I couldn’t do ourselves, given enough time and some research into the technical details. The secret is in the process, not the finished buildings.

The pain of writing stems from comparing your blank screen with the finished pages you see all around you. But beautiful writing is built one step at a time, just like a house. Take the steps slowly, break them down into pieces small enough to handle easily, and the agony will disappear.

Writing, it is often said, is thinking. And the most productive form of thinking, the method that built the modern world, is science. The discipline, the logic, and the procedural rules of science took us from oxcarts to interstellar probes. So it’s not surprising that scientists place so much emphasis on process. Science, they will insist, is process. Articles in scientific journals invariably include detailed descriptions of how the authors conducted their research—the methodology. That mandatory section of the report sometimes takes more space than the section describing results.

Methodology is just as important for writers. “Genius,” said F. Scott Fitzgerald, “is the ability to put into effect what is in your mind.” In writing, that can involve a considerable journey. And, as every mother’s cliché will have it, the longest journey begins with a single step.

THE BACK-END VIEW OF WRITING

For decades, I focused my writing-improvement efforts on the last stages of the writing process, the eleventh-hour nit-picking that burnishes words to a high gloss. That’s what I spent my time doing in the newsroom. And those were the skills I taught in my magazine columns and workshops.

I wasn’t alone. Most writing coaches, copy editors, workshop organizers, newspaper line editors, readers, and critics have focused on the polish stage of writing.

Harvard education professors V. A. Howard and J. H. Barton, authors of a wonderful summary of writing research called Thinking on Paper, note that a principal “obstacle to writing improvement is our tendency to dwell on either the final results or the mental origins of writing to the exclusion of the activity of writing, as if an empty gap separated writing from thinking.”

As Bob Baker, the author of Newsthinking put it, “You have to stop concentrating on merely the results of good writing—the examples they show you in most textbooks. You have to begin thinking about the causes—the thought strategies that created those polished examples.”

Baker, a former writer and editor at the Los Angeles Times, was one of the writing-process pioneers who helped me discover new dimensions to writing and editing. Don Murray, the Pulitzer Prize–winning University of New Hampshire professor, was another. Murray’s seminal book, Writing for Your Readers, helped shift the focus of American writing instruction from results to causes.

I’ve seen the power of what Baker and Murray taught. Analyzing and improving process, making it less painful and more efficient, is the surest route to writing improvement. It’s helped me with my own writing, and I’m confident it can help yours, too.

I. The Writing Process

Seize the subject, and the words will follow.

—Cato the Elder

WRITING ONE STEP AT A TIME

Most of us have had a classmate who could sit down the night before the due date for a big paper and bang it out in a couple of hours. He’d be heading out for a beer while we sat staring at our keyboards with—as journalist and screenwriter Gene Fowler described the predicament—little drops of blood forming on our foreheads.

Or maybe your experience was with a colleague who could knock out a big departmental report before lunch. Or a friend who dashed off long, beautifully organized letters in one continuous flow of words. Or a closet novelist who produced a book by turning out a few pages a day despite holding a full-time job and having two toddlers underfoot.

Maybe they’re all writing gibberish. Or, like the reporters who shrug and say their stories just “write themselves,” maybe they’re mindlessly spewing out clichés according to a formula that requires no thought whatsoever.

Still, sometimes the two-hour research paper gets an A, the speedy report writer earns a promotion, and the relaxed reporter wins a Pulitzer.

That shouldn’t be terribly surprising. Most accomplished writers follow an efficient road map that leads them through projects without a lot of angst. In the real world of experienced professionals, a published piece almost never originates at the keyboard.

Consider everything that typically leads to a final draft:

1. 1. The idea that results in a piece of writing may take days, weeks, or months forming in the writer’s mind. It probably will be shaped by discussion with others—editors, friends, sources. Eventually, the best ideas take the form of hypotheses that can be tested in the real world.
2. 2. The information gathering can take anywhere from a few minutes to months. In the case of some Pulitzer Prize–winning feature stories, reporting lasted a year or more. Copywriters at ad agencies may spend months on research, interviewing, and brainstorming. Gathering string for a novel or a nonfiction book can take decades.
3. 3. After the reporting, the writer has to ask, “So what?” What, in other words, is the focus of all the data pulled together during information gathering?
4. 4. The raw material—notes, documents, database information—must be sorted and organized. That gives the report, essay, or story a shape, and it makes the raw material accessible during the writing.
5. 5. The writer must work through the first draft.
6. 6. The writer—and everybody else involved in producing the finished product—must dive into the final tweaking and polishing.

Of course, writing projects rarely conform perfectly to this idealized scheme. Ideas get refined as information gathering proceeds and the ultimate focus of the writing emerges. Drafting may suggest more meaningful approaches to organization. In the real world, writers jump around the process instead of moving smoothly from beginning to end.

Figure 1. The writing process

Regardless of the writing project, however, one thing remains the same. Content problems are almost always process problems. And some writers struggle for their entire lives without tumbling to the First Law of Writing Improvement: A problem visible at any one stage of the writing process usually results from something that happened at the immediately preceding stage.

Why do some writers bog down in aimless morasses of information? Almost always it’s because their original idea wasn’t adequately developed. Why can’t some writers find a focus? Probably because their undirected information gathering swamped them with irrelevant information. Why do some writers have a hard time finding a sensible organizational scheme? Maybe they have no focus. Poor organization, of course, will make it devilishly difficult to craft a decent draft. And if you have a lousy draft, you’re bound to have problems polishing it.

II. Ideas

My working habits are simple: long periods of thinking, short periods of writing.

—Ernest Hemingway

MINING THE WORLD FOR IDEAS

The author wearily steps to the lectern, ten cities into a twelve-city book tour. She finishes her shtick, asks for questions, and scans the audience warily, leery of the hands thrusting toward the ceiling. She points at a smiling face in the back, grips the edge of the lectern, and tries to keep herself from glowering as the inevitable question floats toward her again.

“Where,” says the adoring reader, “do you get your ideas?”

“You get a life,” growls the author to herself before graciously answering the damnable question for the umpteenth time. And, despite the platitudes she dishes out for public consumption, “Get a life” is the right answer.

Experienced writers are swamped with ideas. The problem isn’t getting ideas; it’s getting around to the ones they already have. They have lives, in other words. And the lives they lead follow myriad paths to an unending supply of ideas.

For one thing, they’re great readers. They read competitors, friends, enemies, and the best writers, living and dead. They read novels, memoirs, and billboards. Then they think about what they’ve read, exploring the possible application of new ideas to their own writing.

They don’t get stuck in reading ruts, either. Lots of us wake up to the morning news feed and find time for a favorite magazine or two, whether online or in print. But inveterate readers sample the whole world of publishing. In my town, that’s easy. Portland is home to one of the world’s biggest bookstores, Powell’s City of Books, and for years I made a habit of stopping into Rich’s Cigar Store, which in addition to stogies carried somewhere between three thousand and four thousand magazine titles. On any given day I might have leafed through Fine Woodworking, Wooden Boat, or Zyzzyva (a literary journal).

I’m only following my own advice. I’m the guy who told folks in magazine-writing classes to read something unusual every week. You may not have a Powell’s or a Rich’s in your burg, but these days you can find just about anything online.

It helps to keep some crude files, too. They don’t have to be fancy, just manila folders or computer files labeled with broad topics. Then, if you see something that grabs your fancy in one of those off-the-beaten-path publications you’re reading, you can stuff it into a folder. Right now my idea file contains folders on “Overhead Wires,” “Paisley Caves,” and “Cutthroat Trout.”

It doesn’t hurt to get off the beaten path literally, too. Take a side road on impulse—that’s how I ended up with a file labeled “Overhead Wires.” Or turn your feet down a street that leads away from where you’re headed, pop into a business you’ve never visited, and strike up a conversation with a stranger.

Then go write about your experience. Nothing generates ideas like getting your hands on the keyboard. The world is filled with writing wannabes who insist they’ll write something wonderful as soon as they have a really good idea. But they’ll spend a lifetime waiting for their muse to arrive because they have the process backward.

Writing generates ideas by encouraging the kind of sequential, cause-and-effect thinking that leads your mind into new territory. Howard and Barton, the authors of Thinking on Paper, scanned the scientific research on writing and concluded that writing is “the father to thought itself. . . . We do not so much send our thoughts in pursuit of words as use words to pursue our thoughts.”

Roy Peter Clark of the Poynter Institute, a midcareer school for journalists, and Don Fry, a freelance writing coach, divide writers into “planners” and “plungers.” Like Don, I’m a planner who likes to know the central point and general organization of what he’s about to write before he types the first line. Roy’s a plunger. So sometimes he just jumps into a topic and starts writing whatever comes to mind. After a while, a focus emerges. Then he backs out, throws away most of what he’s written, and starts over. He calls that first round of writing a “vomit draft.”

In more polite circles, that’s called freewriting, and it’s been a mainstay of writing-workshop exercises for decades. It’s the keyboard equivalent of brainstorming, a chance to follow ideas wherever they lead. You muzzle your i...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Introduction
• 1  METHOD
• 2  PROCESS
• 3  STRUCTURE
• 4  FORCE
• 5  BREVITY
• 6  CLARITY
• 7  RHYTHM
• 8  HUMANITY
• 9  COLOR
• 10  VOICE
• 11  MECHANICS
• 12  MASTERY
• Acknowledgments
• Selected Resources for Writers
• Index