Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion

Tomas Ramirez Reina, Jose A. Odriozola, Harvey Arellano-Garcia

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9783527346394
• eBook ISBN: 9783527346516
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Engineering General
• Index: Technology & Engineering

A comprehensive guide that offers a review of the current technologies that tackle CO2 emissions

The race to reduce CO2 emissions continues to be an urgent global challenge. Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion offers a thorough guide to the most current technologies designed to mitigate CO2 emissions ranging from CO2 capture to CO2 utilization approaches. With contributions from an international panel representing a wide range of expertise, this book contains a multidisciplinary toolkit that covers the myriad aspects of CO2 conversion strategies. Comprehensive in scope, it explores the chemical, physical, engineering and economical facets of CO2 conversion.

Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion explores a broad range of topics including linking CFD and process simulations, membranes technologies for efficient CO2 capture-conversion, biogas sweetening technologies, plasma-assisted conversion of CO2, and much more.

This important resource:

• Addresses a pressing concern of global environmental damage, caused by the greenhouse gases emissions from fossil fuels
Contains a review of the most current developments on the various aspects of CO2 capture and utilization strategies
• Incldues information on chemical, physical, engineering and economical facets of CO2 capture and utilization
• Offers in-depth insight into materials design, processing characterization, and computer modeling with respect to CO2 capture and conversion

Written for catalytic chemists, electrochemists, process engineers, chemical engineers, chemists in industry, photochemists, environmental chemists, theoretical chemists, environmental officers, Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion provides the most current and expert information on the many aspects and challenges of CO2 conversion.

1
CO₂ Capture – A Brief Review of Technologies and Its Integration

Mónica García¹, Theo Chronopoulos², and Rubén M. Montañés³

¹International Energy Agency‐ Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG), Pure Offices, Hatherley Lane, Cheltenham, GL51 6SH, United Kingdom

²128/15 Hoxton Street, N1 6SH, London, United Kingdom

³Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Hörsalsvägen 7B, SE‐412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

1.1 Introduction: The Role of Carbon Capture

The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) recently released the special report on 1.5C [1] and pointed out the need to implement all available tools to cut down CO₂ emissions. Energy efficiency, fuel switching, renewables, and carbon capture represent the largest impact on CO₂ emission reduction in power and industrial sectors. Carbon capture represents a contribution of 23% in the “Beyond 2 degrees scenario” (B2DS) modeled by the International Energy Agency (IEA)¹ and has other interesting characteristics that increase its value beyond its cost: (i) easiness to retrofit current power plants or industrial facilities,² (ii) simplicity to integrate that in the electricity grid and offer an interesting tool to cover the intermittency of renewables, (iii) ideal to cut down industrial process emissions that otherwise cannot suffer deep reductions, and (iv) current carbon budgets rely on negative emissions to compensate the use of fossil fuels [1]. Carbon capture combined with bioenergy (BECCS) can provide negative emissions at large scale in an immediate future.

CO₂ capture (also called CO₂ sequestration or carbon capture) involves a group of technologies aiming to separate CO₂ from other compounds released during the production of energy or industrial products, obtaining a CO₂‐rich gas that can be stored or used for the obtention of valuable products. The main classification of CO₂ capture technologies relies on where in the process the CO₂ separation occurs. For the power sector, it can be divided into pre‐, oxy‐, and post‐combustion. For the industrial sector, the classification is similar, although their integration would be different. In addition, other new arrangements are emerging.

1.2 CO₂ Capture Technologies

1.2.1 Status of CO₂ Capture Deployment

GCCSI reported in 2018 23 large‐scale CCS facilities in operation or under construction globally, summing up 37 MtCO₂ per year. This wide range of facilities shows the versatility of CO₂ capture processes.³

In the power sector, the United States is leading the implementation deployment, although Europe has the highest CO₂ capture capacity. The Boundary Dam project (Canada) and Petra Nova (USA) are pioneers in reaching commercial scale. Moreover, based on the successful results of the Boundary Dam project, a CO₂ capture facility has been planned for the Shand power facility (Canada), incorporating not only learnings from the Boundary Dam but also enhanced thermal integration and tailored design. The results show a significant cost reduction [2]. Also in Canada, the Quest project completes the list of Canadian CCS projects in operation [3] and The National Energy Laboratory (NET) power project recently appeared in the United States as a potential significant reduction on CO₂ capture costs [4].

In the industrial sector, cement, steel, refining, chemicals, heavy oil, hydrogen, waste‐to‐energy, fertilizers, and natural gas have been identified by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF; https://www.cslforum.org) as the main intensive emitter industries. As it is highlighted, the Norcem Brevik plant [5, 6], LEILAC [7] (cement production), and Al Redayah (steel production) are on the way to start running carbon capture systems in industrial facilities at pilot and large scales.

1.2.2 Pre‐combustion

Pre‐combustion systems can be applied to natural gas combined cycles (NGCC) or integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) (Figure 1.1), where a syngas, comprising mainly CO and H₂, feeds a gas turbine (GT) combined cycle system to produce electricity. The potential advantages are higher conversion efficiencies of coal to electricity and cheaper removal of pollutants [8]. The syngas, based on the water shift reaction, can be converted into CO₂ and H₂O. This mixture is typically separated with physical solvents (as described in Section 1.2.4), membranes, or sorbents. However, hybrid technologies can also be used. Depending on the technology, further post‐treatment would be needed to avoid degradation and loss of efficiency.

The main theoretical advantage of pre‐combustion is the production of hydrogen, which will add value to the business model, and a lower energy penalty compared to using the traditional chemical absorption within a post‐combustion configuration. However, large projects demonstrated that this difference is only 1–2%, as reported by National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) [9].

The most notable pre‐combustion project was the Kemper County IGCC plant in the United States, which stopped its operation in 2017.This demonstration fac...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion
• Copyright
• 1 CO2 Capture – A Brief Review of Technologies and Its Integration
• 2 Advancing CCSU Technologies with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): A Look at the Future by Linking CFD and Process Simulations
• 3 Membranes Technologies for Efficient CO2 Capture–Conversion
• 4 Computational Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Catalytic Conversion
• 5 An Overview of the Transition to a Carbon‐Neutral Steel Industry
• 6 Potential Processes for Simultaneous Biogas Upgrading and Carbon Dioxide Utilization
• 7 Biogas Sweetening Technologies
• 8 CO2 Conversion to Value‐Added Gas‐Phase Products: Technology Overview and Catalysts Selection
• 9 CO2 Utilization Enabled by Microchannel Reactors
• 10 Analysis of High‐Pressure Conditions in CO2 Hydrogenation Processes
• 11 Sabatier‐Based Direct Synthesis of Methane and Methanol Using CO2 from Industrial Gas Mixtures
• 12 Survey of Heterogeneous Catalysts for the CO2 Reduction to CO via Reverse Water Gas Shift
• 13 Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Syngas
• 14 Recent Progress on Catalyst Development for CO2 Conversion into Value‐Added Chemicals by Photo‐ and Electroreduction
• 15 Yolk@Shell Materials for CO2 Conversion: Chemical and Photochemical Applications
• 16 Aliphatic Polycarbonates Derived from Epoxides and CO2
• 17 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for CO2 Cycloaddition Reactions
• 18 Plasma‐Assisted Conversion of CO2
• Index
• End User License Agreement