Artificial Intelligence and Global Society

Impact and Practices

Puneet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Jain, Dharminder Kumar, Puneet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Jain, Dharminder Kumar

• Publisher: Chapman and Hall/CRC
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781000346022
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Informatica
• Subtopic: Intelligenza artificiale (IA) e semantica

In the constant battle between human intelligence and machine intelligence, machines are close to surpassing human intelligence. The unrestrained use of digital technologies in automating processes is one of the prime advantages of the third industrial revolution. As a result, all developed and developing nations have started to digitalize mundane tasks. Thus, digital technologies for information and communication technologies (ICT) have achieved high market space in terms of infrastructure building, employment generation, education sector reforms, funds mobilization, electronic governance, hardware manufacturing, software development, etc. Hence, it is evident that every segment of society has been penetrated by ICT or digitalization. This book attempts to spotlight areas where AI is thriving.

FEATURES

• Impact of digitalization and AI on governance

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• Novel AI practices being followed across the global community in security, healthcare, crime prevention and detection, education, agriculture, sensor networks, etc.

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• Innovative techniques that can be adopted to ensure better quality and better delivery of services to the society

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• Avenues for further research by the research community and student fraternity

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This book is a guide for university students (especially those from technical backgrounds), industries, NGOs, and policy makers.

1

Artificial Intelligence: Revolution, Definitions, Ethics, and Foundation

Sandeep Taumar

CONTENTS

1.1Revolution

1.2Applications

1.2.1Gaming

1.2.2Technology

1.2.3Computer Vision

1.2.4Music Industry

1.2.5Retail Industry

1.2.6Banking Industry

1.2.7Agricultural Industry

1.2.8Healthcare Industry

1.2.9Sports Industry

1.2.10Definition Types

1.2.10.1Thinking Like Humans

1.2.10.2Acting Like Humans

1.2.10.3Thinking Rationally

1.2.10.4Acting Rationally

1.2.11Definition Comparison

1.2.12Foundation Fields

1.2.12.1Philosophy

1.2.12.2Mathematics

1.2.12.3Statistics

1.2.12.4Economics

1.2.12.5Neuroscience

1.2.12.6Psychology

1.2.12.7Computer Engineering

1.2.12.8Control Theory

1.2.12.9Linguistics

1.3Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

1.3.1Unemployment

1.3.2Distribution of Wealth

1.3.3Influence of AI on Human Evolution

1.3.3.1Argument

1.3.3.2Racism

1.3.3.3Evil AI

1.3.3.4Singularity

1.3.3.5Rights and Identity

1.3.3.6Sentient AI

References

1.1 Revolution

Whenever a discussion comes to the revolution of artificial intelligence, I cannot restrict myself from stating key information on how big the AI revolution is set to bring in the next five to seven years. What is the broader historical setting from an industrial viewpoint that has led to the AI revolution?

Let’s discuss the various reports that have been given by different organizations.

“By the year 2025, 95% of the customer interactions will be driven by Artificial intelligence.”

— Servion Report

“By 2020 AI algorithms will positively change the behavior of most of the global workforce.”

— Gartner Report [1].

“Closely links Internet of Things (IOT) with Artificial Intelligence ‘100% of all IOT initiatives will be supported by Artificial intelligence from 2019 onwards.'”

“At least 75% of all developers will include AI functionality in one or more of their business applications from 2018 onwards.”

— IDC report [2].

“Artificial intelligence will add 14.5% to the GDP of North America and 26.1% to the GDP of China by 2035.”

— PWC studies [3].

“AI will contribute to around 15% to India’s GDP by 2035.”

— NitiAyog, India

Even, as per the Tractica report which estimates that AI will grow approximately 15 times between 2016 and 2025 [4].

The artificial intelligence revolution is set to bring many changes in every industry for several factors like planning, communication, production, consumption, integration, etc. (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1
AI revenue in the world market.

If we go through the timeline of the industrial revolution, we will find that each version is associated with a change in its overall functioning, resulting in the increased use of independent and self-sufficient machines and a decrease in human intervention.

In the early 1780s, the very first industrial revolution (Industry 1.0) took place when the invention of power looms, water and stream power invention occurred, and production shifted from handcrafted to mechanical (i.e. textile industry shifted from hand-woven to power loom; stream trains and ships in transportation helped increase communication [5]).

Then, in the early 1870s — almost 90 years after the second industrial revolution (Industry 2.0) took place where — electricity and conveyor belts were invented. With these, industries shifted from mechanical to mass production, the textile industry shifted from power looms to industrial sewing machines, and efficiency in communication industries increased with the help of the invention of the telegraph.

Further into the 1970s, the third industrial revolution (industry 3.0) took place, resulting in the invention of information technology and electronics, computer-aided designs, robots, and digital techniques that made it possible for industries to shift from mass to automated production. With this evolution, textile industries started digital printings on fabrics, and the invention of the internet and cellular phones led to remarkable changes in communication industries.

Presently, we, as humans, are taking our first steps in the world of artificial intelligence. Many researchers are also saying that we are in the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), and we will witness the most advanced technologies to date (i.e. the invention of artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things).

With these technologies, industries will be able to shift from automated production to autonomous production, which will lead not only to a decrease in human intervention but also the implanting of intelligence into our systems. AI technologies can sense, analyze, and communicate (through IOT devices) better and perform real-time monitoring. For example, textile industries are doing personalized designing and 3D printing. Recently, the first smart factory, where post-order placement, production, and delivery happens without any human intervention, has been developed.

1.2 Applications

Since 1956, when it was first introduced, AI has achieved a lot one could have not thought of in the 50s. In 1950, Arthur Samuel created a checkers program that challenged amateurs; in 1994, Chinook became the first AI program that won a world championship against humans in a checkers game, and it was extremely popular with board games. In 1997, IBM’s supercomputer creation — Deep Blue — defeated the chess legend Garry Kasparov. This was considered a great landmark in the field of AI and in the game, as it was possible to have almost 400 possible next moves immediately after the first two moves. In 2016 AlphaGo — a computer program developed by Google’s Deepmind — defeated Lee Sedol, who was a leading Go player. This program was so powerfully developed that it could have thought of almost 130,000 possible moves. In 2018, the Dota2 game created by the Elon Mask’s startup, OpenAI, defeated a human player.

1.2.1 Gaming

In the gaming industry, AI is used to create video games where basic methods are used to control non-player characters (NPCs).

Other gaming applications use AI to alter a player’s emotional state by modifying environmental conditions, adding a new level, controlling music, analyzing a player’s behavioral algorithm, and using GPS technologies (e.g. Pokémon GO) [6].

1.2.2 Technology

One of the applications of AI in the industry is the creation of AI personal assistants. To date, many industries have created major assistants like Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, Duplex by Google, and Cortana by Microsoft. These assistants are used to reduce human workload and do simple tasks like fetching information from pages like IMDB and Wikipedia, pulling out suggestions for news websites, setting alarms, making lists, streaming videos and audios, and booking appointments, etc. [7].

1.2.3 Computer Vision

Visualizing objects using human power can be limited, so AI can be utilized to sense, analyze, understand, and aid several types of decision making. Using computer vision, AI can be used for scene reconstruction (filling the missing bits of an image or video), event detection (detecting a particular signal in the image or video), object recognition, 3D pose estimation, motion estimation, and image restoration.

Some of the real-life applications of computer vision are barcodes in supermarkets, financial data a...