Shortchanged

Height Discrimination and Strategies for Social Change

Tanya S Osensky

• Publisher: ForeEdge
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781512601435, 9781512601428
• eBook ISBN: 9781512601442
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Discrimination & Race Relations
• Index: Social Sciences

Would you like to be taller? Many people—except very tall people—would likely answer yes. Why should this be the case, when height has nothing to do with intelligence, talent, fortitude, compassion, or indeed any of the factors that make us human? In her thoughtful and provocative book, Tanya S Osensky examines "heightism": the widely held and mostly unconscious notion that taller is better. She explores how and why short people are considered by many to be inferior, and describes the ways in which height bias affects them. Prejudice against short people is so common and casual that we do not even notice it, yet it factors significantly into discrimination in the workplace, in social situations, and beyond. The most helpless victims are short children, who are frequently subjected to years of hormone therapy, even when they have no physical need for such treatment, simply in an effort to make them taller as a way of countering this social bias. There is little legal recourse for short people who suffer workplace discrimination based on height. This succinct book exposes the cultural, medical, and occupational issues that short people face, which are often deemed unimportant and disregarded. Osensky challenges heightism by disclosing some beneficial aspects of shortness and suggesting avenues of activism and change.

ONE

Long or short,
a stick is always a stick;
tall or short,
people are always people.

CHINESE PROVERB

YOUR HIGHNESS

Ask yourself: Would you like to be taller? Chances are, you probably would answer yes. Except for those who are already very tall, most people would not mind being a little taller than we are already. If scientists could figure out a painless, cheap, and easy way to add a few inches to our height, without any negative side effects, many people would gladly do it. Not only do many of us want to be taller than we already are, but when we are asked what our height is, we tend to “round up” an inch or two. It is generally accepted that people round up their height, even on official documents like driver’s licenses.

Why is there this widespread desire to be taller, and why do we tend to embellish our height? We usually don’t think about it, but we instinctively perceive tallness as a positive thing. We seem to have an intuition that being taller carries some advantage over being shorter. For most of us, it just feels better to say that we are a bit taller than we really are, as though tallness is worthy of more respect, as if having an extra inch or two is some sort of accomplishment. Without reflecting on the reasons for wanting to be taller or for claiming to be taller, we just know in our gut that taller is better.

Perhaps for those who are generally happy with their height, adding only a few inches would make no difference. Consider then, how much money would you be willing to accept to be under five foot tall (about 153 cm) for the rest of your life? This is a twist on a study by Ohio State University professor Philip Mazzocco et al.,¹ in which he asked white people how much money it would take for them to accept being black for the rest of their lives. Most people likely think that being a little bit short is no big deal. Those of us who are of average height or taller probably would not think twice about giving up an inch or two, because that would still be in the range of what is considered “normal” height. But when asked about being an outlier, at under five feet, we might really pause and think about it. We would likely sense that such a short frame would no longer be perceived as normal. It is as if we instinctively feel that being extremely short would mean having to give up a significant advantage.

If you would require a great deal of money to accept being under five feet tall for the rest of your life, then you realize that being tall is an advantage that has real value. What has been called “tall privilege” refers to the social deference that tall people receive in our society just because of their height, without their actually doing anything to deserve it. Taller stature comes with having greater influence in social relationships and leads to certain benefits in the workplace, such as more leadership opportunities, higher pay, and other advantages that are explored later in this book. This may not be very noticeable when considering those who are only slightly shorter than average, but it becomes obvious to those who are closer to the extreme end of the height curve. It also is very striking when we are facing a situation in which two individuals are being compared, because our perception of someone’s height is relative. We intuitively understand that taller individuals are advantaged by this deference; otherwise we would not wish to be a little bit taller. As with male privilege and white privilege, those who are tall do not realize consciously that this privilege exists, but the fact that many people tend to round up their height and want to be taller speaks to our unconscious acknowledgment of this privilege.

We not only think positively of tallness in and of itself, but also we tend to think negatively about shortness. Those who benefit from the tall privilege have a sense of entitlement to its advantages because that is all they have known. Unfortunately, this sense of entitlement also comes with the corresponding sense of disdain that some taller people feel for those who are shorter. Short people, especially those on the tail end of the height spectrum, experience this disdain in several ways, from general social disrespect that leads to feelings of shame and inferiority to real workplace discrimination that affects income and career success.

Our society seems to be very comfortable with openly expressing disrespect toward short people. We seem to accept teasing and comments related to height in ways that would be considered rude if directed at those who are overweight or otherwise different from the norm. Usually the teasing is meant to be friendly, and the taller person does not mean any offense. However, most people would consider it impolite to comment about any other physical feature, such as weight or nose size, unless it was meant as a compliment. For example, we would never start a conversation by saying something like, “Wow, you have a large nose; have you ever considered a nose job?” or “Wow, you are so heavy; exactly how much do you weigh?” That would be considered rude. But no one thinks it is rude to joke and comment about a short person’s unusual height in a similar manner: “Wow, you are so short; exactly how tall are you?”

It seems to be generally acceptable to make comments such as, “Wow, you are so short!” when we would never consider asking how much another person weighs or saying to an obese person, “Wow, you are so fat!” We would never point out to someone that he or she has a very large mole on his or her face, as though the owner of the mole had no idea. Yet it is socially accepted to point out the most obvious characteristic about a short person—his or her height—as though the short person were completely unaware of this particular attribute.

Many of us who are otherwise polite and sensitive about others’ feelings still find it humorous to joke about or tease short people about their height. Telling a short person to stand up when the person is already standing is a common jibe. Other types of offenses are more subtle and indirect, including observations about how a person’s fourth-grade son or daughter has already surpassed the person in height. Even people who are themselves relatively short relish an opportunity to be cruel when they meet someone who is even shorter, pointing out with glee how great it is to be standing next to him or her because the shorter individual makes them feel taller for a change. Aside from thoughtless jokes and comments, we feel comfortable directing a wide variety of behaviors at shorter individuals that we would not dare with taller individuals, such as patting them on the head, lifting them off the ground, frequently interrupting them while they speak, discounting their opinions and ideas as silly or irrelevant, and otherwise treating them like children. We so casually express our bias against short people that we do not even realize we are doing it. We rarely, if ever, give it any thought.

Despite the seemingly harmless intent behind such teasing and thoughtless behavior toward short people, most of us have not considered the fact that such disrespect is really intended to belittle and publicly humiliate them. Although social norms dictate that comments about an individual’s physical traits are rude, we generally do not make that connection when it comes to height. Most of us would not consider ourselves to be prejudiced about someone based on a physical trait, but it does not occur to us that demeaning someone based on height—an inherent physical trait that cannot be changed or concealed—is really no different than demeaning someone based on any other inherent physical trait, such as race or gender. Unlike disrespect toward racial minorities or women, in our culture disrespect toward short people is widely accepted as perfectly normal. This is not to say that height discrimination is as severe or as harsh as racism or sexism, but rather to point out that height discrimination is just as commonplace, and that unlike racism and sexism, it is socially acceptable.

Of course everyone gets teased about something. As long as it is all good-natured fun and no harm is intended, what is the big deal? Perhaps rude incidents seem to be isolated and innocuous to those who are not themselves short. They appear to be trivial to those who do not experience them. Just as those who are not members of a racial minority often do not understand or even recognize incidents of racism, and just as men often do not recognize incidents of sexism, most people who are of average height or taller do not understand or recognize incidents that are disrespectful toward short people. In fact, this issue is so unacknowledged, even most short people themselves do not know there is a name for it: heightism.

Unfortunately, rude and thoughtless comments are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the way short people are commonly perceived and treated in our culture. Short people are frequently portrayed negatively in the media and are discriminated against at work. They endure more bullying in schools, in the social sphere, and in the workplace. Even seemingly rude but harmless conversations become grating when they occur repeatedly, especially in the workplace. It is particularly unnerving in the professional sphere, where the perception of authority and seriousness matters. Teasing comments and jokes about the height of a senior member of the management team in front of other coworkers and subordinates may be meant as jokes, but they are embarrassing. Whether intentional or not, such teasing belittles short people and lowers others’ perceptions of them. When done in front of the person’s subordinates, teasing about someone’s physical characteristics undermines the short person’s authority. The short person is forced to respond in kind so as not to appear unable to take a joke. The nature of the response is a catch-22: a weak response makes the person look even more humiliated and is likely to lead to even more ridicule, but a confrontation would negatively affect the person’s work relationships and chances for advancing in the organization.

It is true that most people experience teasing in their lives about some physical attribute or another. The main difference between the regular teasing that many of us experience during childhood or adolescence and the disrespect that short people endure is that for short people, the teasing does not end after high school. It continues through adulthood, when most other adults no longer make fun of people for being fat or having overly large noses or protruding ears, at least in polite company.

Why do we seem inclined to put short people down? Like other biases, the height bias manifests subconsciously. We are inherently biased against individuals who are different from ourselves. We seem unable to help ourselves; our brains have been influenced through millions of years of evolution to classify all objects, animals, and other people into categories and hierarchies.² We automatically sort everything by weight, height, color, and shape, and we distinguish things by their differences. Similarly, the first thing we notice about people is their physical appearance: size, style, color, race, age, tone of voice, accent, and so forth. And then we assign preferences to these differences: some categories are considered superior, while others are judged to be inferior.³ A difference in size is among the very first categories that we notice, the other two being color and gender.

It is not only that we are always aware of our own height in relation to others,’ but our visual perception bias causes us to expect a positive relationship between an item’s size and its corresponding worth or status.⁴ In other words, we perceive more valuable things to be larger than less valuable things. For example, coins that are larger are perceived to be more valuable than smaller coins, regardless of the coin’s actual monetary value.⁵ Conversely, we tend to think of most small things and people as fragile, weak, and in need of our protection.

Sociologists have suggested that the importance of height has evolutionary origins, because larger males are more likely to win fights and to attain social dominance.⁶ In other words, we have evolved to associate height with strength and power.⁷ When meeting new people, our minds automatically evaluate the relative difference in height in a fraction of a second. This mental process may have evolved as a means to determine threats to personal safety. But even when our safety is not at risk, we use this same process to evaluate other people in order to assess the relative physical “stature”—or the social standing—of each person.⁸

Aside from the evolutionary theory, our association of height with power may be rooted in how we perceived the world when we were children.⁹ Our earliest childhood memories are of being small and supported by our parents. Parents seem huge and all powerful; they control us in almost every way. As children, we are tiny in our environment, and everything else, such as all the furniture in our homes, is huge and hard to reach. Parents both protect us and at times punish us. To look us in the eye, they must either crouch down on their knees or lift us up in their arms. Even when we grow into adults, often surpassing our parents’ height, we are frequently surprised when we realize how small our parents really are, because we have always seen them as tall in our mind’s eye.

Regardless of whether the evolutionary explanation has any merit, the fact is that we do prejudge people based on size. When evaluating another person, whether friend or opponent, whether consciously or unconsciously, we judge the taller person to be stronger, more authoritative, and more powerful.¹⁰ This is why monarchs insisted on being called “Your Highness” and preferred to be seen seated on a throne, so that their subjects would be forced to look up to them and perceive them as larger than life. This is why people wear high-heeled shoes to enhance their height. The taller the person, the more he or she is perceived to be dominant and superior. Because taller individuals are deemed to be above those who are shorter, they consequently tend to emerge as leaders and end up attaining higher social status due to their elevated dominance position.¹¹

We all have various unconscious biases, but over time those biases can harden into stereotypes and prejudices. They become the lens through which we process information and make decisions about people. When we think of bias, we generally think of skin color, gender, nationality, and age, but our visual perception bias also includes aspects of size and affects all of us, in every situation, all the time, in ways that are both minor and serious. In our society tallness is glorified while shortness is ridiculed. Taller people (both men and women) are considered to be more beautiful and are held in higher esteem than shorter people. We are more likely to be convinced and persuaded by tall people, and in the workplace we are more likely to hire and promote them. After all, we “look up” to those who are tall and automatically attribute positive personality characteristics to them, while we ascribe negative traits to those we “look down on.”

In fact, the English language includes hundreds of idioms related to size, most of which convey the judgment that bigger is better. Words used to describe taller people are much more flattering than words used to describe shorter ones. Consider how the words short, small, and little are usually used in a negative light or to point out some sort of disadvantage (e.g., coming up short, getting the short end of the stick or being shortchanged, being small-minded, drawing the short straw, feeling small, belittling or diminishing someone), whereas advantages or positive qualities tend to be described by the words tall, big, and large (e.g., standing tall, riding high, the bigger person, looking up to someone, making it big). Children are often urged to eat vegetables and drink milk so they can grow up to be big and strong. As teens, we are warned that bad habits like smoking and drinking will stunt our growth (as bad as smoking and drinking are for our health, neither has ever been proven to stunt growth, but the prospect of stunted growth is a powerful motivator). We look up to someone we admire. We look down on a criminal, and it would be undignified to stoop down to his or her level.

These subtle and not-so-subtle cues have great consequences for how short people are treated throughout their lives. We seem to have a third sense about how short people “should” act. The general preference seems to be for short people to remain invisible and obedient, as we expect children to do. Perhaps this is because short people are child-sized, so we have a tendency to treat short adults like children. The recent trend to refer to children as short people further adds to our perception that a short adult’s status is equivalent to a child’s. When a short person fails to act powerlessly and instead displays assertiveness, intelligence, and competence, it produces a feeling of incongruity. The feeling is usually not acknowledged; it is intuitive. We feel uncomfortable, confused, and even irritated. We sense that something is wrong, even if we cannot identify what it is.

When short people behave in a way that contradicts our expectations, we reflexively attempt to belittle them and minimize their influence, to force them to fit into our preconceived notions. We tend to react to such short people as we would to a challenge. Parental feelings are triggered toward shorter people, even though we may not consciously realize this. These feelings are manifested in our response, which is often to become frustrated and try to force them “back in their place.” We attempt to push them down into a position of powerlessness by condescending to them and excluding them from conversations. If these tactics fail, w...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Height Matters
• 2. Height Discrimination Against Children
• 3. Shortchanged in the Workplace
• 4. A Little Perspective
• 5. Altimate Change
• Notes