Engine of Inequality

The Fed and the Future of Wealth in America

Karen Petrou

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781119726746
• eBook ISBN: 9781119730057
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Economics
• Subtopic: Finance
• Index: Economics

The first book to reveal how the Federal Reserve holds the key to making us more economically equal, written by an author with unparalleled expertise in the real world of financial policy

Following the 2008 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve's monetary policy placed much greater focus on stabilizing the market than on helping struggling Americans. As a result, the richest Americans got a lot richer while the middle class shrank and economic and wealth inequality skyrocketed. In Engine of Inequality, Karen Petrou offers pragmatic solutions for creating more inclusive monetary policy and equality-enhancing financial regulation as quickly and painlessly as possible.

Karen Petrou is a leading financial-policy analyst and consultant with unrivaled knowledge of what drives the decisions of federal officials and how big banks respond to financial policy in the real world. Instead of proposing legislation that would never pass Congress, the author provides an insider's look at politically plausible, high-impact financial policy fixes that will radically shift the equality balance. Offering an innovative, powerful, and highly practical solution for immediately turning around the enormous nationwide problem of economic inequality, this groundbreaking book:

• Presents practical ways America can and should tackle economic inequality with fast-acting results
• Provides revealing examples of exactly how bad economic inequality in America has become no matter how hard we all work
• Demonstrates that increasing inequality is disastrous for long-term economic growth, political action, and even personal happiness
• Explains why your bank's interest rates are still only a fraction of what they were even though the rich are getting richer than ever, faster than ever
• Reveals the dangers of FinTech and BigTech companies taking over banking
• Shows how Facebook wants to control even the dollars in your wallet
• Discusses who shares the blame for our economic inequality, including the Fed, regulators, Congress, and even economists

Engine of Inequality: The Fed and the Future of Wealth in America should be required reading for leaders, policymakers, regulators, media professionals, and all Americans wanting to ensure that the nation's financial policy will be a force for promoting economic equality.

Chapter 1
Inequality: Why It's So Much Worse and What to Do About It

Nobody had our backs in office, not Democrats or Republicans. I'm tired of being sugarcoated and being robbed in the process.… [Politicians] are so out of touch with reality and real people. All of them.

– An autoworker who voted twice for Barack Obama and then for Donald Trump*

This bitter sentiment was voiced by an autoworker in May 2019. One month later, the US achieved a seemingly remarkable milestone: the longest economic recovery ever, at least as tallied by economists.¹ The Federal Reserve's chairman took comfort from this milestone, spelling out the broad benefits of this putative recovery – it was good for all Americans, not just the wealthy – or so he said.² But the Fed was wrong, and the autoworker and hundreds of millions of Americans just like him were right: the economic recovery after the 2008 “great financial crisis” was extraordinarily unequal. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020, the shared-prosperity facade disintegrated – unemployment ravaged millions and millions of households and millions of Americans also took to the streets not just to protest George Floyd's murder, but also to mark a decade of extraordinarily unequal growth. No wonder.

If more Americans had had more savings with which to buffer the shock of sudden unemployment and had the American financial system been more equitable, then COVID's economic cost would still have been dear, but not disastrous. But as the US headed into the pandemic, it was the most unequal of all advanced economies, becoming far more unequal far faster after 2010.³

It's no coincidence that 2010 also marks the start of massive changes to US financial policy due to the monetary and regulatory response to the 2008 financial crisis. The powerful link between financial policy and our far more unequal economy is the topic of this book; breaking it is its goal.

You might think that monetary and regulatory policy are far afield from economic inequality given the usual focus on factors such as tax and education policy. Economic inequality results from many causes, but who gets the money how is the most important element in each of them. Money doesn't just fall from trees (would that it were so). The job of central banks such as the Federal Reserve is to control who gets the money, with the Fed the only agency of the US government expressly responsible for allocating money not just for stable growth, but also for shared prosperity. It and other central banks around the world use their own money and the reserves banks hold to encourage markets to rev up or slow down a nation's economy. Starting in 2010, the Fed threw the money into the increasingly ample laps of the wealthiest households. In 2020, it redoubled those efforts with still more trillions for still fewer millions. Thanks to the Fed,⁴ the period immediately after the COVID pandemic struck was “one of the greatest wealth transfers in history.”⁵

Financial regulators also control who gets the money by opening or closing the money spigots to discipline banks or to protect borrowers. After 2010, bank regulators inadvertently turned off funding for affordable loans to average Americans and cut off the bank accounts that households once used to earn living returns on hard-earned savings. Some hard-luck families found financing from high-flying, unregulated financial companies, but this often came at great cost and long-term equality risk. As the last decade closed, new forms of unregulated financial institutions were increasingly powered by new forms of money, much of it formulated by giant tech companies such as Facebook, which over the same years digitalized both economic and everyday life to their own considerable advantage.

What the Fed called a robust recovery was in fact the slowest since the Second World War and the most inequitably shared one ever, as this book will prove. The economy was also very fragile because gains were in large part derived from high-flying financial markets with no staying power beyond the wind the Fed put beneath their wings. Ultra-low interest rates not only failed to stimulate growth, but also made most Americans even worse off because trillions of dollars in savings were sacrificed in favor of ever higher stock markets. Even families with a bit put aside and those with a strong case to start a small business couldn't get loans at reasonable rates on safe-and-sound terms. In short, the economic-equality divide got bigger – a lot bigger – due to all of these financial policies. Capitalism is working fine, but only for capitalists.

Federal Reserve chairs and other financial policy-makers clearly understand what's happening. They see that economic inequality has wrought havoc in American political consensus,⁶ household well-being,⁷ and even mortality rates.⁸ As COVID decimated the nation, the chairman of the Federal Reserve noted that it was an inequality “increaser.”⁹ However, at the same time and often in the same speech, Fed chairs eschew any responsibility for inequality, preferring to ascribe it to unavoidable innovation, an aging population, long-term problems in the US educational system, unaffordable housing, or fiscal policy. All of these are indeed potent inequality drivers, but that there are other causes of US inequality doesn't absolve financial policy-makers from fixing the ones readily within their own reach.

One reason financial policy-makers dismissed suggestions about their anti-equality effects is that they and the economics theorists on whom they rely failed to anticipate how financial markets responded to all of these reforms. More than a decade after 2008, stock markets rode higher and higher at ever greater risk due to a new set of incentives created by Fed policy. Banks are indeed safer, but now also so different that Facebook is ready to replace them – hardly a comforting thought.

Fixing monetary and regulatory policy won't on their own bring back the “glory days”¹⁰ many of us expect in America. But fixing financial policy will have fast impact, meaningfully improving equality and buoying hope for a “kinder and gentler”¹¹ nation and shared prosperity. Unlike many other causes of income and wealth inequality, financial policy is remarkably easy to fix and quick-acting afterwards. All it takes is the will to act.

What We Know about Inequality that Economists Don't

Decades before today's economists reached their conclusions based on complex models that only more or less have anything to do with real life, Harry S. Truman observed, “An economist is a man who wears a watch chain with a Phi Beta Kappa key at one end and no watch at the other.”¹² The Federal Reserve and the economists on which it relies have been clutching fancy chains, but most Americans know what economic time it is and many are not the least bit happy about it.

Americans once proudly thought – and many economists still believe – that the US is a middle-class nation. However, the middle class has been hollowed out. Now the US consists of a large majority of folks barely getting by plus a tiny sliver of wealthy households.¹³ In fact, just three Americans – Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, and Warren Buffett – own more of the nation's financial wealth than the bottom half of the country combined.¹⁴ Even what's left of the middle class isn't what it was – 23 percent of families that are still considered middle class skipped medical treatments they could no longer afford even before the COVID crisis left many more Americans without employer-provided health insurance.¹⁵ Despite sharp spikes in the cost of medical and child care, education, and housing, middle-class median income in inflation-adjusted terms was about the same in 2019 as 2001.¹⁶

In fact, income inequality in 2019 was even worse in the US than it was during the Great Depression.¹⁷ Reflecting this, 37 percent of the US was at grave financial risk after only a $400 unexpected expense.¹⁸ Clearly, unexpected expenses poured down in waves after COVID hit, increasing the percentage of Americans who couldn't pay their monthly bills in full by 12.5 percent between just late 2019 and April 2020.¹⁹

The younger you are, the worse it gets. In the “theft of a decade” characterizing the years after 2008 for younger citizens, Americans entering the workforce were mired in student debt, struggled to find jobs, and ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Inequality: Why It's So Much Worse and What to Do About It
• Chapter 2: How Unequal Are We?
• Chapter 3: What Makes Us So Unequal
• Chapter 4: Why Does Economic Inequality Matter So Much?
• Chapter 5: Following the Money
• Chapter 6: How Monetary Policy Made Most of Us Poorer
• Chapter 7: How to Make Monetary Policy Make Us More Equal
• Chapter 8: Reckoning with Regulation
• Chapter 9: Remaking Money
• Chapter 10: Rules to Equitably Live By
• Chapter 11: Financial Policy for an Equitable Future
• Index
• End User License Agreement