Basic accounting for non-accountants 3 Revised

Cloete M, Marimuthu F

• Publisher: Van Schaik Publishers
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780627037191
• eBook ISBN: 9780627037207
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Higher Education

Accounting is a system of gathering, analysing, recording, reporting and interpreting financial information that will assist in making informed business decisions. The accounting discipline is constantly changing in response to the external environment, and is both stimulating and far-reaching. Basic accounting for non-accountants is an introductory text that covers aspects of financial accounting, cost and management accounting and financial management. Basic accounting for non-accountants includes comprehensive illustrative examples that are easy to understand. All chapters have been updated and additional tutorial questions have been provided to give students sufficient practice to reinforce their newly acquired knowledge. This third edition also covers a new topic – capital budgeting.

1

1

Introduction to accounting

Outcomes

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

• define the purpose of accounting
• identify the main users of accounting information
• explain the difference between financial accounting and cost and management accounting.

Chapter outline

1. 1.1 What is accounting?
2. 1.1.1 Definition of accounting
3. 1.1.2 Nature of accounting
4. 1.2 Users of accounting information
5. 1.3 How useful is accounting information?
6. 1.4 The basic business forms found in South Africa
7. 1.4.1 Sole trader
8. 1.4.2 Partnership
9. 1.4.3 Close corporation (CC)
10. 1.4.4 Company
11. 1.5 Types of business activity
12. 1.5.1 Service businesses
13. 1.5.2 Manufacturers
14. 1.5.3 Wholesalers
15. 1.5.4 Retailers
16. 1.6 Considerations before commencing a business
17. 1.7 The accounting field

1.1 What is accounting?

1.1.1 Definition of accounting

Accounting is a system of

• gathering – the bringing together of all financial information that has an effect on a specific business
• analysing – determining how the financial information will affect the business
• recording – inputting the financial information through proper accounting processes2
• reporting – summarising all financial information for a given period of time so that it can be read and understood in a more condensed format
• interpreting – preparing an analysis of the summarised reports to allow users to make informed decisions about the business.

1.1.2 Nature of accounting

Accounting is a rapidly changing field, reacting in response to the changes that occur in the external environment. Accounting is a means of communication used to convey a message about the finances of a business. The main purpose of accounting is to provide its users with both financial and non-financial information that will assist them in making informed decisions. It is essential that the users of this information should understand it, otherwise it is of no value.

1.2 Users of accounting information

The users of accounting information can be divided into two groups, namely internal users (users within the organisation) and external users (users outside the organisation). The users listed below use accounting information for different reasons.

Internal users:

• Owners – use accounting information to determine whether their business is profitable and financially viable over a long period of time.
• Managers – use accounting information to ensure that the business operates efficiently and to solve problem areas highlighted in the accounting information.
• Employees and their representatives – use accounting information to determine whether their employer is able to provide stable employment and remuneration.

External users:

• Customers – use accounting information to determine whether the business can provide them with the products that they require for a long period of time.
• Competitors – use accounting information to maintain a competitive edge.
• Lenders – use accounting information to determine whether the business would be able to repay a loan and the interest on it.
• Government – uses accounting information to determine whether the business should be registered and, if so, how much tax should be paid.
• Suppliers – use accounting information to determine whether the business is able to make payments for goods purchased on credit.
• Investment analysts – use accounting information to determine whether the business would be a good investment, and to assess the risk and return on an investment in the business.3

This list of potential users is not exhaustive, but these are the most important.

1.3 How useful is accounting information?

The four main qualitative characteristics that influence the usefulness of accounting information are the following:

• Comparability – the information must be comparable to the financial information presented by other organisations and also various accounting periods within the organisation, so that users can identify trends in the performance and financial position of the organisation.
• Understandability – the information must be readily understandable by all users of financial statements.
• Relevance – the information reported must be relevant to the needs of the users. This may involve reporting information that could influence the e...

Table of contents

• Title Page
• Imprint Page
• About the authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Table of Contents
• CHAPTER 1: Introduction to accounting
• CHAPTER 2: Financial accounting concepts and terminology
• CHAPTER 3: The accounting equation
• CHAPTER 4: Basic financial statements
• CHAPTER 5: Basic financial statements with year-end adjustments
• CHAPTER 6: Company financial statements and their analysis and interpretation
• CHAPTER 7: Bank reconciliation
• CHAPTER 8: Value-added tax (VAT)
• CHAPTER 9: Cost classification and terminology
• CHAPTER 10: Materials
• CHAPTER 11: Labour
• CHAPTER 12: Overheads and job costing
• CHAPTER 13: Budgetary control
• CHAPTER 14: Standard costing and variance analysis
• CHAPTER 15: Short-term decision making
• CHAPTER 16: Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis
• CHAPTER 17: Time value of money
• CHAPTER 18: Capital budgeting
• Index