Advanced Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Amita Chaudhary, Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Amita Chaudhary

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780367686161
• eBook ISBN: 9781000442403
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Advanced Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment discusses the methods and technologies of physical, chemical, biological, and thermo-catalytic treatment techniques. It includes the treatment of waste generated by municipal, agro-industry, and other industries including chemical, biomedical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other sectors.

FEATURES

• 
  
  

• Covers implementation of advanced water and wastewater treatment techniques, with a focus on pollutant or pathogen removal

• 
  
  

• Includes qualitative and quantitative analyses

• 
  
  

• Focuses on physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies

• 
  
  

• Discusses the advancements of materials and technologies applicable to both potable water and wastewater from industrial and municipal sources

• 
  
  

• Explores future challenges and viable solutions

This book is aimed at chemical and environmental engineers and researchers seeking a thorough treatment of innovative water treatment materials and techniques for practical applications.

1

Introduction to Wastewater

Mamta Saiyad

Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering,

Institute of Technology Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India

DOI: 10.1201/9781003138303-1

Contents

• 1.1Introduction
• 1.2Wastewater
• 1.3Pollutants
• 1.4Characteristics of Wastewater
  • 1.4.1Physical Characteristics of Wastewater
    • 1.4.1.1Turbidity
    • 1.4.1.2Color
    • 1.4.1.3Odor
    • 1.4.1.4Temperature
    • 1.4.1.5Total Solids
    • 1.4.1.6Total Suspended Solids
    • 1.4.1.7Total Dissolved Solids
  • 1.4.2Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater
    • 1.4.2.1Organic Materials
    • 1.4.2.2Inorganic Materials
    • 1.4.2.3Gases
    • 1.4.2.4Chemical Oxygen Demand
    • 1.4.2.5pH
    • 1.4.2.6Total Organic Carbon
    • 1.4.2.7Heavy Metals
    • 1.4.2.8Others
  • 1.4.3Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
    • 1.4.3.1Biochemical Oxygen Demand
    • 1.4.3.2Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand
    • 1.4.3.3Microbial Life in Wastewater
    • 1.4.3.4Oil and Grease
• 1.5Wastewater Treatments — An Overview
  • 1.5.1Stabilization
  • 1.5.2Destabilization
  • 1.5.3Precipitation
  • 1.5.4Coprecipitation
  • 1.5.5Coagulation
  • 1.5.6Flocculation
• 1.6Novel Treatments and Materials for Wastewater Purification
  • 1.6.1Adsorbents and Absorbents
  • 1.6.2Coagulants
  • 1.6.3Flocculants
    • 1.6.3.1Polymeric Flocculants
    • 1.6.3.2Synthetic Biopolymer Flocculants
  • 1.6.4Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
  • 1.6.5Membrane Filtration Technique
  • 1.6.6Eco-Friendly Techniques for the Remediation of Pollutants
  • 1.6.7Photocatalysis as Oxidation Processes
  • 1.6.8Smart Materials
  • 1.6.9Ultrasonic Wastewater Treatment
• 1.7Challenges and Prospects
• 1.8Circular Economy in Wastewater Treatments
  • 1.8.1Resource Recovery at the Wastewater Treatment Plant
• References

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is a necessity for the survival of all living beings, and it is the lifeline of the environment, plants, animals, and humans. Everything possible must be done to maintain its quality for today and the future. Water naturally exists in various sources. It is in the air, underground, in the rivers and springs, and in the ocean. Water is the lifeblood for living beings. It is needed for daily consumption, irrigation, aquatic life, recreational uses, fisheries, and reuse and recycling of sewage and industrial waste. Water circulation systems are critical for supplying safe water. Due to the increase in the worlds’ population, water consumption has increased hugely, and the resources are fewer; hence the water demand is growing day by day. Fresh liquid water must be accessible for human use such as drinking, preparing food, washing clothes, and other necessary functions. In dry areas, groundwater is used to supply drinking water, support farming, and agriculture. As long as the water is not withdrawn faster than nature can refill it, groundwater may be considered renewable, but in many regions the water does not renew by itself or it renews very slowly. Provision of good-quality water, usually in terms of its suitability for a specific purpose, is of prime importance. Acceptable values for chemical, physical, and biological parameters depend on the use and not on the source of the water. Each specific use has its quality criteria that must meet the standards for the application. Therefore, water suitable for one use may be not suitable for another. For instance, drinking water can be used for industry, but the water used for the industry or agriculture may not be appropriate for drinking purpose.¹

From a technical aspect, quality is determined by the types and amounts of substances suspended and dissolved in the water and their effects on the inhabitants of the ecosystem. Physical and chemical criteria are fixed to the maximum amount of pollutants, acceptable ranges of physical parameters, and the minimum amount of desirable parameters, such as dissolved oxygen. Biological criteria describe the presence of species and classes of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, plants, and other entities, reasonable for public health and established values.

To protect the quality of water, administrations have fixed standards for concentration limits and issued scientifically determined guidelines that can be acceptable for particular water use such as drinking, irrigation, or recreation such as swimming. These standards are also applicable to the selection of raw water sources and the choice of treatment processes.

A process to remove impurities from collected wastewater to convert it into an effluent that can be recycled with an acceptable effect on the environment and reused for various purposes is called wastewater treatment. It is also known as water recovery.

1.2 WASTEWATER

Any water that has been polluted by living beings is called wastewater. It can be defined as “water used from sources like domestic, industrial, commercial and agricultural activities, surface runoff, stormwater, sewer inflow/infiltration.” Therefore, wastewater is a by-product of these activities.

Human activities involve drainage components that can seriously affect surface water pollution. Very fine substances that are dispersed in the surface water are responsible for turbidity. These substances cannot be separated by sedimentation or filtration of the water. Water also contains soluble and insoluble pollutants. Groundwater, surface runoff, and stormwater can be further contaminated by the addition of man-made products such as petroleum, oil, road dust, and a variety of chemicals that get into it and make it unsafe and unfit for human use (Fig. 1.1).

FIGURE 1.1 Sources of wastewater.

Apart from the main sources of water pollution such as industrial waste, sewage, agricultural waste, and other wastewater, mining activities, marine dumping, unplanned oil leakage, burning of fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and leakage of sewer lines, etc. are also sources of water pollution as these add an excess of different contaminants, toxic waste, petroleum, and disease-causing microorganisms to water bodies.

1.3 POLLUTANTS

Following are the main groups of pollutants that affect surface water:

• Organic material: Wastewater contai...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors’ Biosketch
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Wastewater
• Chapter 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water
• Chapter 3 Need for Advanced Materials and Technologies: The Sustainability Argument
• Chapter 4 Physical Processes in Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 5 Polymers as Coagulants for Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 6 Ultrasonic Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 7 Chemistry in Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 8 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 9 Catalytic Ozonation Processes for Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 10 Biological/Biochemical Processes in Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 11 Role of Biochar in Water Treatment
• Chapter 12 Microalgae for Removing Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewater
• Chapter 13 Processes for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
• Chapter 14 Sustainable Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
• Chapter 15 Challenges, Innovations, and Future Prospects in Transforming Future Wastewater Treatment Plants into Resource Recovery Facilities
• Index