Handbook of Green Engineering Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities

K. Saravanan, G. Sakthinathan, K. Saravanan, G. Sakthinathan

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780367554989
• eBook ISBN: 9781000405842
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Science General
• Index: Computer Science

Handbook of Green Engineering Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities focuses on the complete exploration and presentation of green smart city applications, techniques, and architectural frameworks. It provides detailed coverage of urban sustainability spanning across various engineering disciplines.

The book discusses and explores green engineering technologies for smart cities and covers various engineering disciplines and environmental science. It emphasizes techniques, application frameworks, tools, and case studies. All chapters play a part in the evolution of sustainable green smart cities and present how to solve environmental issues by applying modern industrial IoT solutions.

This book will benefit researchers, smart city practitioners, academicians, university students, and policy makers.

1
Green Smart Cities

An Introduction

P. Karuppasamy, S. Pitchaimuthu, V. Rajapandian and K. Saravanan

CONTENT

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Key Challenges Pertaining to Smart Cities at Global Level

1.2.1 Waste Management

1.2.2 Creating Smart, Green and Liveable Cities

1.2.3 Moving towards a Circular Economy

1.2.4 Clean Energy Sources

1.2.5 Clean Air

1.2.6 Water Scarcity

1.2.7 Climate Change Adaptation

1.2.8 Social Factors of Sustainable Cities

1.2.9 Sustaining Smart Cities by Green IT

1.3 Global-Level Initiatives for Smart Cities

1.3.1 Energy-Based Environmental Design (EED)

1.3.2 Sustainable Sites Initiative (SSI)

1.4 Green IT and Green Smart Cities

1.4.1 Advantages of Green IT in Smart Cities

1.5 Geographical Information System (GIS)-Based Green Smart Cities

1.6 Green Waste Management Processes at Global Level

1.6.1 Biochemical Degradation Processes

1.7 Key Infrastructure Facilities in Green Smart City

1.8 Area-Based Strategies of Development in Green Smart Cities

1.8.3 Green Field Development

1.8.4 Pan City Development

1.9 Conclusion

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A city which is designed based on its social, economic and environmental impact is called a green or eco smart city [1, 2]. The universally accepted definition for eco-city is “cities that enhance the well-being of citizens and society through integrated urban planning and management that harness the benefits of ecological systems and protect and nurture these assets for future generations” [2]. But a green smart city has not been generally defined till now. The sustainability of smart cities is a major challenge for all countries due to providing the solutions for sustaining the natural environment, powering itself with renewable sources of energy, conceiving its ecological footprint, minimizing pollution by way of composting and recycling or converting waste to energy [3–8]. For example, the Adelaide City Council (ACC) [3] in Australia said a smart city must be fair to all; they are interconnected, democratic and offer a desirable life to the people.

Many countries have adopted smart green resilient (SGR) missions for making green smart cities. SGR is concerned mainly with the ecological problems such as structuring long-term sustainability plans in broad perspectives and guiding smart city transformation. SGR detects a variety of important urban problems and provides solutions for them. An SGR planning approach is categorized by three main elements such as people oriented, contemporary relevance and future proofing [9–12].

In recent years, most citizens around the world have moved to cities due to urbanization, the need to find better jobs and a higher standard of living. More than 3 million people every week since 2009 have moved to cities around the world due to low economic status, increasing population, unavailable resources, and lack of infrastructure development, healthcare and education facilities, etc. Among the world population, nearly 55% are in city areas, and this will reach 70% in 2050 as estimated by the United Nations (UN) [13].

Many countries face challenges related to solid waste management (SWM) such as environmental hazards and the risk to public health because of population growth, the financial burden and the unavailability of efficient and suitable SWM methods [14–17]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has reported that the United States of America produces nearly 250 million tonnes (MT) of solid wastes every year; it is 1.3 billion tonnes (BT) at global level. This will increase and reach 2.6 BT in 2025 [14, 17]. Asian and African countries will produce 5.3% and 97% respectively [15, 17] in 2025.

Waste materials produced from healthcare facilities cause more high-risk related infections and injuries than other types of waste. Due to lack of knowledge for handling and disposing of biomedical waste, this material leads to serious adverse effects to the environment. Annually 0.35 million tonnes (MT) of biomedical waste is produced in India [18–20]. Biomedical waste has not only affected the environment but also has created health problems for health workers and the public. Hence, effective and safe biomedical waste management techniques are needed now.

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the solid wastes that create pollution in the environment as well as health problems for human beings. Many e-waste management tools are available such as life cycle assessment (LCA), material flow analysis (MFA), multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and extended producer responsibility (EPR) to manage toxic materials in e-wastes [21]. The circular economy (CE) and integrated solid waste management system (ISWM) may be suitable to manage these solid waste materials globally [22]. It not only provides waste management-related solutions but also it provides safe employment, recycling of waste and enhances the economic status of every country.

1.2 KEY CHALLENGES PERTAINING TO SMART CITIES AT GLOBAL LEVEL

In cities at the global level, establishing sustainability of a green environment includes many challenges, including possible energy crises and water scarcity. Green industrial development, smart building construction, discrete management systems, renewable energy resources, pollution-free air, smart transportation, smart climate adaptive systems, and creation of forest-like cities, etc. each offer their own challenges. Among these, a few of them are explained very briefly [23–26]. The worldwide urbanization rate (in percentage) with smart city challenges by year is depicted in Figure 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 Rate of urbanization (in %) between 1951 and 2050 at the global level.

1.2.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Disposal of solid waste into landfills has a huge impact on the environment and it threatens the safety of the ecological system. If waste in smart cities passes through the water supply, it would make the water unfit for drinking. Sewage waste mainly consists of chemical constituents and microbial organisms and its effect on humans is characterized by physical ill health. Second is sludge, which is a semi-solid precipitate created from waste treatment plants in cities. This type of waste contains higher concentrations of heavy metals, nonbiodegradable organic compounds, nitrogen, phosphorous and pathogenic microorganisms. The sludge, with rich organic matter and nutrients, may be utilized as fertilizer on land for enhancing the soil [25, 26]. The schematic representation of wastewater containing sludge and sewage waste is shown in Figure 1.2.

FIGURE 1.2 All-in-one chart for wastewater treatment, energy production and resource recovery.

Managing industrial waste in smart cities is complicated and costly (turnover > $433 billion per annum and engages around 40 million workers). In recent years, recycling waste materials in smart cities has become an essential activity and 12 million employees are currently working in this industry in Brazil, China and United States of America [9, 10]. A recent study in India has reported that of more than 62 million tonnes of waste materials generated per annum, nearly 80% is disposed of in an unhygienic way, which leads to adverse effects to ecological systems.

The municipal solid waste (MSW) in urban cities has been categorized as follows: biodegradable (51%), recyclable (17.5%) and inert (31%) respectively. The recent data clearly pointed out that the continuation of the current scenario in India (nearly 62 million annual generation of MSW) requires 1,240 hectares of land space every year for dumping without further regeneration and recycling processes. It will reach more than 165 million tonnes in 2031 and the requirement of ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Green Smart Cities: An Introduction
• Chapter 2 Transforming Green Cities with IoT: A Design Perspective
• Chapter 3 A Green and Sustainable Campus Dwelling: Proposition of a Hybrid Indicator
• Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Pollution and Its Management: An Overview
• Chapter 5 Waste and Material Management in Green Cities
• Chapter 6 Smart Energy Management in Green Cities
• Chapter 7 Energy Management in Smart Cities by Novel Wind Turbine Configurations
• Chapter 8 COVID-19 Impact and Global Status of Renewable Energy: A Review
• Chapter 9 Green IoT for Sustainable Growth and Energy Management in Smart Cities
• Chapter 10 For a Better Tomorrow: Smart and Sustainable Cities Using Artificial Intelligence
• Chapter 11 Machine Learning and AI Techniques in Green Cities
• Chapter 12 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Smart Health Care Systems
• Chapter 13 Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and IoT Enabled Smart Cities: Applications and Challenges
• Chapter 14 Application of Smart Technologies in Urban Water Supply System of Smart Cities
• Chapter 15 An Artificial Intelligence-Based Evaluation of Soil Fertility
• Chapter 16 Query Auto-Completion Using Knowledge Graph to Minimize Energy Usage
• Chapter 17 Privacy and Security Issues in Green Smart Cities
• Index