IoT Applications, Security Threats, and Countermeasures

Padmalaya Nayak, Niranjan Ray, P. Ravichandran, Padmalaya Nayak, Niranjan Ray, P. Ravichandran

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9780367491857
• eBook ISBN: 9781000431650
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Science General
• Index: Computer Science

The book explores modern sensor technologies while also discussing security issues, which is the dominant factor for many types of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It also covers recent (IoT) applications such as the Markovian Arrival Process, fog computing, real-time solar energy monitoring, healthcare, and agriculture.

Fundamental concepts of gathering, processing, and analyzing different Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in IoT applications are covered along with recent detection mechanisms for different types of attacks for effective network communication. On par with the standards laid out by international organizations in related fields, the book focuses on both core concepts of IoT along with major application areas.

Designed for technical developers, academicians, data scientists, industrial researchers, professionals, and students, this book is useful in uncovering the latest innovations in the field of IoT.

1 IoT: The Technological Fad of the Digital Age

Corinne Jacqueline Perera

Shangrao Normal University

Shangrao, China

Contents

1.1 The Technical Fad of IoT

1.2 The Evolution of IoT

1.3 IoT Hype

1.4 IPs in the World of IoT

1.5 IPv4

1.6 IPv6

1.7 Cybersecurity Flags of IoT

1.8 Vulnerabilities of IoT Internet Bot

1.9 Malware

1.10 Concluding Remarks

References

1.1 The Technical Fad of Iot

This chapter contributes to the dialogue surrounding Internet of Things (IoT) and its prospective impact during the present time of mass digitization. With the ushering of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), society has been increasingly immersed in the technical fad of IoT. Industry 4.0 is usually used interchangeably with the notion of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This global buzz that is connected through mobile and smart digital technologies, is quickly gaining popularity because of its massive real-world applications ranging from consumer and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). For the household segment, consumers use computers and smartphones to remotely take control of their smart homes. Many invest in smart appliances that can be connected to heating appliances, lighting, and electronic devices, to name a few. Similarly, smart buildings use sensors to detect the number of occupants in a given vicinity and auto-adjust the room temperature based on the occupancy. Health care and pharmaceutical facilities also benefit from IoT systems for their inventory management systems. IoT in the agricultural industry and smart farming can monitor weather conditions, plant health, mineral and moisture levels, cattle and poultry health, and more.

1.2 The Evolution of IoT

The Internet has been in a constant state of evolution ever since the historical inception of the packet-switching network, Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), created for the American military intelligence in the late 1960s (Kutlu, 2020). Picking up from the turn of the century when things were initially linked to the Internet using radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and operational efficiency took center stage, IoT today has innovatively evolved as an enabler of enhanced living, enticing users with its futuristic appeal through some of the intelligent assistants such as Google Assistant, Apple Siri, and Amazon Alexa (Alieyan et al., 2020; Angrishi, 2017). RFID bourgeoned as the first generation of IoT’s tagged things and panned out as the founding technology of IoT. Whitmore et al. (2015) produced documented evidence to suggest that the tracking capabilities of RFID are generally understood to be the precursor of IoT.

Figure 1.1 unravels the evolution of IoT from its days of pre-Internet to the present-day IoT. The pre-Internet 1980s era was the ‘Short Message Service’ (SMS) or human-to-human (H2H) era where people popularly communicated through SMS. In March 1989, the World Wide Web (www), which is not synonymous with the Internet (Shackelford, 2020), emerged as a virtual platform that used hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to transfer files on the web (Kaushik & Tarimala, 2020). By the mid-1990s, the ‘www’, commonly known as the ‘web’, grew to be a major communication infrastructure, during the dot-com hysteria; the web was used mostly for email communications or for accessing contextually rich information. The early growth of the web was a vast collection of hypertext markup language (HTML) documents that were hyperlinked (electronically connected) through three types of protocols: HTML, HTTP, and uniform resource locator (URL) (Whitmore et al., 2015). HTML is the language that web pages are written in, while HTTP is the most common protocol, developed specifically for the World Wide Web and was known for its user-friendliness and speed. The URL is the address that locates where any given electronic document resides on the web. Web pages were created when hypertext was combined with the Internet, giving the web browser its name – the World Wide Web.

Figure 1.1 Evolution of the Internet of Things.

During the period from 2003 to 2004, Javascript paved the way for the web to be less static and so was created Web 2.0, known as the more interactive and dynamic version of its predecessor, Web 1.0. The phenomenon of Web 2.0 was driven in part by the widespread nascence of blogs, wikis, forums, and e-commerce (Xu et al., 2020; Gross, 2019). Soon thereafter, social media was recognized as a set of Internet-based applications manifested by the popular affordances of Web 2.0, namely, Skype (2003), Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005), and Twitter (2006) (McCarthy et al., 2020; Ghani et al., 2019; McLoughlin & Alam, 2019). Finally, the global economy entered a new wave of growth with the advent of machine-to-machine (M2M) communications that paved IoT’s new age of intelligence (Holler et al., 2014; Chen, 2012). IoT witnessed the enormous number of potential devices and applications equipped with identification, tracking, monitoring, metering, automation, sensing, and processing capabilities that ultimately enabled these IoT devices to be ubiquitous, context-aware, and ambient intelligent (Whitmore et al., 2015). With the ever-increasing number of smart technologies given greater visibility, the reception of IoT devices has widened people’s general perceptions of IoT as an enhanced-living enabler to that of vulnerabilities for cybercriminals (Alieyan et al., 2020). Over time, the widespread adoption of IoT burgeoned out of the advancements made in Internet connectivity, wireless networking technologies, cloud computing, the reduced cost of sensors, memory, and the multitude of connected devices.

1.3 IoT Hype

The hype of IoT is all about the adoption of IoT technology and its exponential surge. Coined from two words, ‘Internet’ and ‘things’, the denotation ‘IoT’ was coined in 1999 by Kevin Aston, a pioneer on digital innovation. Although the beginning of IoT may be traced back to Aston’s RFID experiment and what it originally stood for, nevertheless IoT is in the present day broadly associated with the vast circuitry of gadgets and widgets that leverage on Internet connectivity, operating in real time at an ultra-high-powered gigahertz (GHz) frequency. IoT is a technological paradigm that offers a revolutionary cloud-based infrastructure with an unrestricted constellation of devices, gadgets, electrical appliances, equipment or any form of disparate, physical objects that are coherently connected to the Internet.

The baseline definition of IoT is viewed as a massive web that interconnects physical things of the real world with the virtual world. At any rate, digitalization has made the world more volatile as machines and things are being fitted with digital technology and harnessed for shaping and automating processes. Notwithstanding, it is generally understood that the implementation of IoT is regarded as a plausible solution that helps with the seamless automation of jobs. The integration of IoT, embedded with intelligent sensors and actuators, is essentially crucial in facilitating automation of remotely managed appliances that can enable new ways of production, value creation, and real-time optimization.

On the industrial front, IIoT has proved to be the game changer of industrial automation. IIoT has drawn on the interest of businesses and industry settings with its M2M applications, wireless networks, big data, combination of sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and analytics that evolved to be the topmost mainstream business growth driver that measured and optimized business processes. As for smart home systems embedded with IoT functionalities, home residents are able to remotely configure and monitor their home appliances such as air-conditioning, light bulbs, TVs, computers, refrigerators, washing machines, and dryers, using either a wall-mounted terminal or a mobile unit that is connected to the Internet and hosted on a cloud infrastructure. Eventually, the IoT hype manifested in homes and offices with smart appliances and devices was taken as a phenomenon that grew relevant to almost anyone.

The five key phases of an IoT technology lifecycle are as follows:

• Innovation trigger
• Peak of inflated expectations
• Trough of disillusionment
• Slope of enlightenment
• Plateau of productivity

Figure 1.2 is a graphical representation of the hype cycle for IoT, which zeros in on the five phases of how emerging technologies and trends evolve throughout its maturity lifecycle. It suggests that every new emerging technology follows through these five phases from its conception to its widespread adoption, representing its perceived value in terms of technological trend or innovation and its relative market promotion.

Figure 1.2 IoT hype cycle.

IoT is about managing tasks from any part of the globe that has Internet connectivity. This connectivity trend poised for growth in the digital age consists of lightweight cryptography (LWC) algorithm developed for smart devices. IoT is referred to as interoperable, smart devices connected through RFID, Bluetooth, QR codes, sensor networks, and wireless technologies (Alieyan et al., 2020). The sensors or actuators embedded within these ‘things’, add a level of digital intelligence to these ‘things’ that would otherwise be dumb, enabling them to act in unison and transmit real-time data through an Internet protocol (IP) address. Typically, the IoT value chain is underpinned by IP-based networks that transmit a very l...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 IoT: The Technological Fad of the Digital Age
• Chapter 2 Significance of Smart Sensors in IoT Applications
• Chapter 3 Stochastic Modeling in the Internet of Things
• Chapter 4 FTLB: An Algorithm for Fault Tolerant Load Balancing in Fog Computing
• Chapter 5 Real-Time Solar Energy Monitoring Using Internet of Things
• Chapter 6 Machine Learning Techniques in IoT Applications: A State of The Art
• Chapter 7 The Farmer’s Support System: IoT in Agriculture
• Chapter 8 Development of Intelligent Internet of Things (IoT)-Based System for Smart Agriculture
• Chapter 9 IoT in Health Care in the Context of COVID-19: An Overview on Design, Challenges, and Application
• Chapter 10 Applications of IoT in Health Care: Challenges and Benefits
• Chapter 11 Machine Learning-Based Smart Health-care Systems
• Chapter 12 An Exhaustive Survey of Privacy and Security Based on IoT Networks
• Chapter 13 Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks in IoT Using Botnet: Recent Trends and Challenges
• Chapter 14 Detection of Node Cloning Attack in WSN to Secure IoT-based Application: A Systematic Survey
• Index