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1 Cloud and Green IoT-based Technology for Sustainable Smart Cities
Parthasarathi Pattnayak
KIIT Deemed to be University
Om Prakash Jena
Ravenshaw University
Saundarya Sinha
KIIT Deemed to be University
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Smart City Applications and Services
1.2.1 Smart Waste Management
1.2.2 Smart Energy
1.2.3 Smart Transportation
1.2.4 Smart Water Management
1.2.5 Smart Health Care
1.2.6 Smart Buildings and Lighting
1.2.7 Smart Public Safety
1.2.8 Smart Education
1.3 G-IoT Features in Smart Cities
1.3.1 Green Smart Homes
1.3.2 Green Smart Offices
1.3.3 Green Smart Healthcare System
1.3.4 Green Smart Transport System
1.3.5 Green Smart Environment
1.3.6 Green Waste Management
1.4 Use of Algorithm and Software in G-IoT Smart Cities
1.4.1 Green Computing Eco-Friendly Technology
1.4.2 Design Green Data Center
1.4.3 Virtualization for Going Green
1.4.4 Green Power Management
1.5 Big Data and IoT Utilizations: Smart Sustainable Cities versus Smart Cities
1.6 Smart Cities Green Index Indicators
1.7 Cloud-based G-IoT Architecture
1.7.1 Sensor Layer and Smart City Infrastructure
1.7.2 Network Layer
1.7.3 Analytic Big Data Layer
1.7.4 Application Layer
1.7.5 Presentation Layer
1.8 Analytical Framework
1.8.1 Domains and Systems of Urban Areas
1.8.2 Data Categories, Big Data Sources, and Storage Facilities in Urban Areas
1.8.3 Cloud Computing or Fog/Edge Computing
1.8.4 Big Data Applications
1.9 Conclusion
References
1.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the most common technologies that we use in our day-to-day lives. From marketplaces to communication between robots, it is everywhere and it shows its vast range of services by improving its quality of service. This technology uses myriad sensors and sends data over networks, which consumes a great deal of energy. The increasing energy utilization causes emission of a vast amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment leading to the increase in global warming [1]. It is already known that electronic devices emit the gases that are harmful to the environment, and these increasing trends of digitization and technological development will lead to more emission of harmful gases leading to an increase in global warming. This problem demands introducing more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly devices, which provide the required technological facilities but also do not affect the already compromised environment. This is Green technology.
Green IoT (G-IoT) is a term used to describe IoT-based devices that are more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. G-IoT has various applications in industrial automation, improvement of health and living, habitat monitoring, smart cities, energy, transportation, etc. This chapter presents a study that suggests building IoT devices with more efficiency and effectiveness but with less impact on the environment.
G-IoT for smart cities allows providing various services such as smart buildings, smart street lights, smart waste management, smart water management, and more. With increasing urbanization, the smart utilization of limited natural resources such as water is vitally important and here, G-IoT can be very helpful for continuous and precise monitoring of the resources to minimize their wastage. G-IoT, like other IoT devices, utilizes sensors, the Internet, tags, etc., for providing services. The main aim of G-IoT-enabled cities is to minimize the excessive harmful effects that these devices or their resources can impart to the environment.
This chapter provides a brief overview of enabling G-IoT-based smart cities. We describe the various characteristics of urban smart cities and how G-IoT can be enabled in these cities to provide numerous technological functionalities. Here, we have used a cloud-based framework for minimizing the use of hardware.
1.2 Smart City Applications and Services
Smart cities rely on technological solutions such as IoT sensors, networks, and various applications to improve the services pertaining to energy usage, air quality, and traffic congestion in the cities, thereby enriching the quality of living of the residents. The smart city market is growing at a rapid pace. In the year 2020, it is estimated to be hundreds of billions of dollars. It is expected that the smart city market has huge potential to grow in the future as well.
There are various types of services and applications such as transportation, public utilities, education, health care, and public safety. Applications related to disaster management, logistics, and smart buildings are also important for smart cities. Following are some of the important applications and services worth mentioning here.
1.2.1 SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT
The smart waste management mechanism includes activities such as waste sensing and collection, sorting, recycling, and disposal. These sensors attached to waste bins have the capability of notifying the status of the waste levels and upload data to the Smart City Cloud. The official in-charge can access the data from the cloud. The data thus accessed by the management official help redefine the schedule to maximize waste collection. It also helps locating vehicles and waste bins and redefines the shortest routes for each waste-collection truck to become more fuel-efficient. The entire process can be centrally regulated and provides quality services to residents of the smart city.
1.2.2 SMART ENERGY
Urban IoT will provide means to conserve and enhance energy efficiency. The solution may provide a detailed account of the energy requirements of the city. For example, management would be able to get a clear-cut idea about the different sources such as transport, public lighting, traffic lights, and controlled cameras installed at various important locations in the city. IoT can be used to create a smart grid system, which will comprise a smart meter that will control the flow of electricity to meet the demands of the citizens.
1.2.3 SMART TRANSPORTATION
IoT can help cities use technology to make commuting easy and hassle-free. The smart features include parking, traffic regulation, and vehicle tracking. Passengers will be provided with real-time information through a passenger information system. For example, the expected arrival time is displayed on electronic signboards located at railway stations, bus stations, and airports. Information related to the availability of parking spaces can be provided through electronic signboards by real-time parking management systems.
1.2.4 SMART WATER MANAGEMENT
Water management is the most critical aspect of a city. It broadly includes storage, conservation, and efficient distribution. Smart water management by using IoT provides insights from data that help authorities regulate waste water treatment and flood control measures and enable optimized water consumption. The IoT-based water management solution can help transform the agricultural sector by using inputs obtained from sensors for alerting farmers regarding various emergency situations such as bad weather conditions and enables them to save their crops.
1.2.5 SMART HEALTH CARE
Smart health care is an integral part of smart cities. It comprises patients, doctors, hospitals, and various research organizations. Smart health care includes disease diagnosis, monitoring, prevention, hospital management, and medical research. Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a very important role in this regard. For instance, IoT, cloud computing, mobile Internet, and artificial intelligence (AI) form the core of smart health care that is required for smart cities.
1.2.6 SMART BUILDINGS AND LIGHTING
Smart buildings constitute an important aspect in smart cities. They use cloud-based computing. It combines and coordinates all aspects of the building and provides a smart living experience. The important features include security and surveillance, heating, ventilation and cooling, and lighting management. They can be combined together and coordinated on the cloud through sensors and other IoT devices for better and complete control on a single dashboard.
1.2.7 SMART PUBLIC SAFETY
Public safety in terms of minimum accidents, few traffic deaths, and reducing and tracking crimes is the key feature of smart cities. IoT-enabled data-driven systems can achieve all these objectives. The data on these items can be compiled and captured through sensors and can be processed in real time. It will help detect criminal activities and enable timely policing.
1.2.8 SMART EDUCATION
Cloud can facilitate the process of eLearning. It will enable students to access all study materials at any point in time through the Internet using a computer and other electronic devices. It will be able to solve the problems of Distance Learning. The Smart City Cloud computing platform will help teach...
