Planar Antennas

Design and Applications

Praveen Kumar Malik

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781032034461
• eBook ISBN: 9781000436112
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This comprehensive reference text discusses fundamental concepts, applications, design techniques, and challenges in the field of planar antennas. The text focuses on recent advances in the field of planar antenna design and their applications in various fields of research, including space communication, mobile communication, wireless communication, and wearable applications.

This resource presents planar antenna design concepts, methods, and techniques to enhance the performance parameters and applications for IoTs and device-to-device communication. The latest techniques used in antenna design, including their structures defected ground, MIMO, and fractal design, are discussed comprehensively.

The text will be useful for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, and academic researchers in fields including electrical engineering, electronics, and communication engineering.

Part I

Overview and Introduction

1 Antenna Design for Wireless Application

Mihir Narayan Mohanty

ITER, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

DOI: 10.1201/9781003187325-1

1.1 Introduction

Currently microstrip antennas design is one of the most popular research areas in wireless communication technology. Because of their minimal size they are assuming significant function in wireless communication, particularly in broadband and ultra wide band (UWB) applications. UWB communication has been turned into an appealing suggestion for research network due to its various advantages such as minimal effort, intricacy and power utilization, penetration through any kind of material, and so forth. The microstrip antenna is a basic aspect of any communication conspire and is subsequently becoming a hotly debated research topic [1]. Among various types of printed antennas, rectangular, squared, triangular, and elliptical are the most used geometry shape. This is because of the uncomplicated structure and mathematical modeling as compared to complex antenna geometry. For improving the antenna characteristics, numerous modifications in geometry were done in the last few decades. Normally, conservative printed antennas are reverberating at a single frequency equivalent to their principal mode. Low bandwidth and gain are two major limitations of these types of antennas. In advanced wireless communication framework, high data rate is one of the most enviable aspects along with the requisite of coexistence with present communication framework. This means that these antennas must be proficient of resonating on more than one resonant frequency. For resonating one or more frequency, the broadband and ultra wideband antennas can be configured by modifying the geometry. Also by adopting this design, the bandwidth can be enhanced. These aforementioned factors are the main cause behind designing and analyzing of specific planar antennas. Though bandwidth is very narrow, enhancement is very much required [2].

In UWB wireless approach, remarkable research attempts were taken to design the specific antennas that can support the communication framework. These antennas are useful for application in wideband wireless communications. With use of narrow pulses in terms of nanoseconds, it can cover wide bandwidth in the frequency domain over short distance at low power densities [3]. With the burgeoning requirement for higher data transfer speed and internet ingress, the communication systems with UWB operations are choosing more prevailing communication systems and to notch the interference signal bands in the UWB frequency range. The research work deals with bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna suitable for broad band and UWB applications. The major contribution of authors in [4] was analysis of the frequency and time-domain response of the UWB antennas so that their suitability applications can be fixed for portable pulsed-UWB system. Etching narrow slots on the antenna was also proposed by them to avoid narrow band interference and their effects on a nano-second pulse.

The printed microstrip patch radiators are broadly used in different communication systems as these radiators can issue many advantages such as compact, lightweight, integral with monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), effective cost, easy fabrication, and stable radiation characteristics. Currently the stipulation of mobile communications and transportable apparatus increases. Hence, small and cost effective radiators requirement has brought the microstrip radiator to the vanguard. However, the major limitation of the microstrip patch radiator is its narrow impedance bandwidth that limits their applications. A typical microstrip patch antenna has one percent to few percent bandwidth for thin substrates. The congeniality between communication distance prolongation and multiple communication systems stipulates the bandwidth enhancement. The most recurrent approach used for improving bandwidth is to decrease the substrate dielectric constant [5].

The most auspicious technology is UWB technology for wireless communication with higher data rate of greater than or equal to 100 Mbit/s in 15 meter distance, radar applications of highest accuracy and systems of imaging. The UWB antenna is currently one of the most fascinating research fields between the researchers. As many systems stipulate more than multiband operation [6], so UWB antenna is that type of antenna which is simpler than multiband antenna. The UWB technology having very lower emission limit works with exceedingly wide band width in microwave frequency range in comparison to the traditional broadband wireless communication technology. The designs of antennas for UWB and broadband have different demanding exude because of system characteristics and distinctive applications. They are broad and wide impedance bandwidth response, radiation characteristics, gain, and also compact or small in physical size. This chapter disputes the bandwidth improvement of microstrip patch radiator for broadband and UWB technology. Then supervisory environs are concisely presented followed by a review of bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna. At last a stimulant explanation is introduced behind the present research. Various applications of UWB are in small range and wireless communications with high data speed, like ground searching radars, equipment for medical imaging, wireless local area networks (WLAN) with higher data rate, and communications for defense purposes [7].

1.2 Related Literature

In recent years, various microstrip antennas were invented for achieving the best performance. Authors in [8,9] have designed planar UWB antenna and UWB antenna in their work. Their proposed design was of two rejected bands with a rectangular patch. In substrate they have used FR4 and they have also achieved good bandwidth from their proposed design. Similarly a novel ring microstrip antenna with rectangular polarized cut was proposed in [6]. Their proposed antenna consists of a ring radiation patch, six non-metallic column, and two different switches. From the result it was observed that the gain of the antenna was satisfactory as compared to some other designs. The result was analyzed for both simulated and measured case. Based on fractal and metamaterial, authors in [10] have designed a microstrip compact antenna for improving the data communication. The effect of fractal structure was implemented in the basic microstrip antenna. The modification in the design was applied for improving the performance in wireless application and from the result it was confirmed that the experimental result was satisfactory as compared to simulated result. A novel technique was proposed for designing a single feed circular polarized microstrip antenna [11]. The dimension of the fractal etched defected ground structure (FDGS) was adjusted for obtaining the circular polarized radiation. The proposed antenna was designed and fabricated. From the result it was observed that the gain and bandwidth of the antenna was better. A study on circular microstrip antenna for stress evaluation was conducted in [12]. In that work they have also designed an antenna with two different resonant frequencies and variations on current distributions.

The wireless communication systems are growing very fast for wide band antennas, which are of great importance. For these systems, the radiators should satisfy higher gain with larger bandwidth. The UWB varies from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, data rate between 110 to 200 Mbps and with highest radiated power −41.3 dBm/MHz, which is approved by FCC [13]. High-speed rate of data, small interference, reliable, inexpensive, and less complexity are the main merits of the UWB communication. The applications of UWB communication are in medicine imaging, radar, and military communication. Presently the microstrip patch antenna is significant in wide scope of multifunctionality in different frameworks like UWB, WLAN, rocket, radar, and utilizations of telemetry in science. These frameworks have spurred the creation of scaling down UWB radiators with high gain, better radiation efficiency, and radiation properties. The conceivable outcomes of capacities of these applications are a direct result of well-known points of interest like light weight, planar setup, low profile, minimized in si...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Editor
• List of Contributors
• Part I: Overview and Introduction
• Part II: Performance Analysis of Micro-Strip Antenna
• Part III: Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Design and Uses
• Part IV: Fractal and Defected Ground Structure Microstrip Antenna
• Part V: Importance and Uses of Microstrip Antenna in IoT
• Part VI: Ultra-Wide-Band Antenna Design for Wearable Applications
• Part VII: Case Studies
• Index