Natural Food Products and Waste Recovery

Healthy Foods, Nutrition Design, and Extraction of Valuable Compounds

Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Abu Zahrim Yaser, A. K. Haghi, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Abu Zahrim Yaser, A. K. Haghi

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781771889810
• eBook ISBN: 9781000342475
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Natural Food Products and Waste Recovery: Healthy Foods, Nutrition Design, and Extraction of Valuable Compounds addresses important issues in the design of functional foods and nutraceuticals, extraction of essential compounds, and food waste management.

Topics in the nutrition section cover a diverse range of topics, including uses and regulations of functional foods and ingredients, supplements, nutraceuticals, and superfoods; informatics and methods in nutrition design and development; and molecular modeling techniques in food and nutrition development. The volume goes on to address properties, microstructural characteristics, and extraction techniques of bioactive compounds. Chapters also cover the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in food waste management, mitigation, and reuse strategies for food waste.

This research-based volume is a valuable reference for professionals involved in product development and researchers focusing on food products. It will be of great interest to postgraduate students and researchers in environmental policy and waste management, as well as policymakers and practitioners in consumer issues and business.

PART 1

Healthy Food and Nutrition

CHAPTER 1

Bovine Colostrum: Food Supplement

NIKITA SHEVKAR, RAMESH GADEKAR, SWATI TALELE, and ANIL JADHAV

Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahiravani, Nasik, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: [email protected] (S. Talele)

ABSTRACT

Colostrum is a sticky white or yellow nutrient-rich liquid secreted by female mammals immediately afterward giving birth. Bovine colostrum is load with massive nutrients like vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, disease-fighting proteins, growth hormones, and digestive enzymes. It also possesses functional food properties. Nowadays, society is more interested in bovine colostrum supplements because they promote immunity, exchange blows infection, and get well gut health. To get ready, these supplements colostrum from a cow is pasteurized and then dries into pills or into a powder that can be mixed with liquid. Bovine colostrum possesses outstanding properties, including various antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM, which are used to strengthen our immune response to fight against microorganisms including bacteria and viruses. Colostrum restrains protein-based hormones like IGF-1 and IGF-2, which stimulate the growth. This growth factor shows enormous significant muscle and cartilage repair characteristics. They encourage wound healing with real consequences for suffering and operating patients. Lactoferrin, which is a constituent of colostrum is a protein involved in our body’s immune reaction to infections, containing folks triggered by bacteria and viruses. Lactoferrin also possess antiviral and antibacterial activity. Colostrum acts as a powerful inhibitor in eye infection against bacteria, i.e., Chlamydia tracomatis. Even colostrum is topically applied, it effectively acts against dryness of the eye and eye injury. Presently scientists are a move towards new innovation to clone and reproduce essential main factor occurs in colostrum. Researchers utilized in vivo and an in vitro model to reduce gastrointestinal damage that occurs by consuming a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

Thus this review probably focuses on the efficient utilization of colostrum in day-to-day life with a couple of medicinal properties.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Colostrum bovine is the first milk concealed from the mammary glands of female mammals after pasteurization or giving birth. It is also called bisnings, beestings or first milk. Bovine colostrum is a sticky white or yellowish liquid load with massive nutrients like vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, disease-fighting proteins, growth factors, and digestive enzymes.

Bovine colostrum is a very complex bioactive constituent needed to maintenance to development and repair of cells and tissue to ensure the effective and efficient metabolism of nutrients and to strengthen the immune system. Bovine colostrum is also used as a nutraceutical product. Nutraceu-tical product is nothing but any food or ingredients having a nutritive value that has impact on the individuals health, physical performance or state of mind and nowadays people are more attracted towards supplements due to lack of side effects and showing extra benefits [46, 47].

Researchers have developed a special type of bovine colostrum called “hyperimmune bovine colostrum”. This colostrum is collected within 24 hrs of the cow giving birth. This hyperimmune BC is created by vaccinating cows against a particular disease causing microorganism. These vaccinations cause the cows to develop antibodies to struggle against specific organism, and then these antibodies pass into the colostrum [48].

Hyperimmune bovine colostrum has been second-hand in clinical trials for treating AIDS-related diarrhea. A number of athletes consume bovine colostrum by mouth to burn fat, build lean muscle, increase grit, and liveliness, and increase athletic performance [48].

Dosage:

• ➢ For Adult:
  1. For infectious diarrhea-10–100 gm. of BC daily for 1–4 weeks.
  2. For the flu-400 mg of freeze-dried BC daily for 8 weeks.
• ➢ For Children (by mouth)
  1. 3 gm. of bovine colostrum once daily for 4 weeks for children having age under 1–2 years.
  2. 3 gm. twice daily for 4 weeks children having age 2–6 year.

1.1.1 COMPONENTS OF COLOSTRUM

The components of colostrum are categorized into four categories. These components of colostrum are given away in Figure 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 Components of colostrums.

1. Immune Factors: These contain components given in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1 Immune Factors [10, 14, 15]

Components		Uses
1.	Immunoglobulins
	i. IgG	IgG neutralizes toxins and bacteria in the lymph and circulatory system.
	ii. IgM	IgM kills the bacteria.
	iii. IgE and IgD	Highly antiviral.
2.	Lactoferrin	As antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial.
3.	Lysosome	Improve the immune system and capable of kills bacteria and virone on contact.
4.	Protein-rich polypeptide	Regulate thymus gland.

2. Growth Factors: These are classified as insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and growth hormone [14–17]:
   • Insulin: Like growth factors, IGFs are potent hormones that are found in all cells in the body. These are categorized into three types [14–17]:
     • Transforming Growth Factor: These brings the transformation of cells from an immature form to a mature.
     • Epithelial Growth Factor: It involved in the generation and maintenance of cells in epithelial layers of skin; and
     • Platelet‑Derived Growth Factor: It helps in the generation of cells and function associated with blood clotting.
   • Growth Hormones: A minor quantities of growth hormone are set up in colostrum, but that is all that is essential since this hormone is very potent. It has a direct effect on every cell type and significantly influences the proliferation of new cells, mainly their rate of generation [14–17].
3. Nutritional Components: These components and their uses are given in Table 1.2.

TABLE 1.2 Nutritional Components [16–18]

Components	Uses
Nutritional components vitamins (A, B12 and E)	Health and growth of newborn
Minerals
Amino Acids
Essential oil

4. Metabolic Factor: This in BC, includes the following components [10, 16–18]:
   • Leptin: Hormone like proteins can suppress appetite and enhance metabolic rate, which leads to a reduction in body weight.
   • Insulin: It is required for the effective metabolic utilization of glucose.
   • Vitamin Binding Protein: Act as carriers to carry B complex vitamins to the body.
   • Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (CMP): It is applicable to energy transmission in metabolism.
   • Enzyme Inhibitors: Inhibit the breakdown of proteins by several enzymes. This also provides protection to the growth, immune, and metabolic factor which are pass through the digestive tract.

1.2 METHODS

1. Manufacturing of Colostrum Powder: The manufacturing of colostrum powder involves three steps [45]. These three steps are shown in Figure 1.2.

FIGURE 1.2 Steps of manufacturing of colostrum powder.

• Step 1: Collection of Colostrum: Colostrum is received from dairy farms or dairy plant that are approved to produce milk for human being consumption. Colostrum has got to be serene in the head milking within the 6 hrs after birth of the calf. Gather it into a sterilized cans and deep-rooted freezers to the minute icy the massiveness colostrum. Formerly the product is frozen, it is sent to the dispensation facility to testing for quality before accepting it for final processing [45].
• Step 2: Colostrum Processing: The colostrum processing involves two steps to ensure product purity, potency, safety, and stability. The process of preparation of colostrum powder is shown in Figure 1.3.

FIGURE 1.3 Flowchart of colostrum process...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Preface
• Part 1: Healthy Food and Nutrition
• Part 2: Extraction of Essential Compounds
• Part 3: Food Waste Management
• Index