I
Rewriting discourses of pleasure 1
Happy Hamlet
Richard Strier
Hamlet is, of course, âthe melancholy Daneâ, and his play is, of course, one of the world's great tragedies. But there is a way in which emphasis on the first of these (supposed) facts can be seen to diminish some of the force of the second. Hamlet is certainly not the most painful of the âgreatâ or âmatureâ Shakespearean tragediesâOthello and King Lear compete for that honorâbut Hamlet can and, I think, should be seen as the saddest of them. Part of this sadness springs from the fact that, unlike Lear, Othello, or Macbeth, Hamlet did nothing at all to initiate the tragic situation in which he finds himself. But what intensifies this sadness, I will argue, is the sense the play gives us that there was an alternative life for Hamlet. King Lear might have had a few years of contentment (ârestâ) with Cordelia after his abdication and (initial) apportionment of the kingdom, but this was to be, at best, a muted crawling toward death.1 Othello might, as Iago thinks, have had a happy marriage if Iago had not intervened, but modern criticism is highly doubtful of this.2 It is hard to imagine the Macbeths living happily, even with children. I will argue that, by contrast, Hamlet is not melancholic by nature (or humoral unbalance); that he was happy in the period before the events that form the plot begin; and that there is every reason to suppose that such happiness would have continued, since we see the components of it. I will even try to show that some of what Yeats called the âgaietyâ of Hamlet continues after the âperfect stormâ that defines the plot of the play: the death (as it turns out, murder) of King Hamlet and the accession to the place, political and nuptial, of his brother, Hamlet's uncle.3
âAs you were when we were at Wittenbergâ
To see the play in this way requires that we take Hamlet himself as capable of participating in and enjoying key aspects of both the contemplative and the active life.4 It means basically agreeing with Ophelia that Hamlet, before his âtransformationâ, truly possessed and happily manifested the âcourtier's, soldier's, [and] scholar'sâ best qualities.5 This is controversial enough in the world of criticism todayâa large book on the play recently espoused exactly the opposite view6âbut my view also entails seeing the people that Hamlet was involved with, especially those in his own generation, in a basically positive light as well, so that his implied past interactions with them (along with some of his present ones) seem positive, and the destruction of all of them profoundly sad. âGolden lads and girlsââor something like thatâis what we must see lost.7 This is even more controversial. Almost no one these days has a good word for Laertes or even for Ophelia (except when she is mad), let alone for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. But I will see what can be said for all of these components of Hamlet's pre-crisis world, all of whom should have continued in the ways they were then. My focus will be on what Julia Lupton calls the play's âhorizontal strandsâ rather than its âawful longitudinalsâ.8
However, for reasons that are nowhere given, Lupton also speaks of the âgrim Elsinore childhoodsâ of Hamlet and Ophelia.9 Yet Elsinore in the late Elizabethan period was anything but grim. Shakespeare was, as far as we know, the first teller of the Hamlet story to shift its locale to Elsinore in particular, and he is insistent on the location (Elsinore is mentioned four times in the text).10 What this means is that the locale of the story was the castle of Kronborg, which, from its reconstruction in the 1570s on, was one of the grandest, newest, and most heavily armed (with cannon) of Renaissance palacesâall of which, as Gunnar Sjögren puts it, was âwell knownâ to the Elizabethans.11 So Hamlet, and perhaps Ophelia, grew up in a grand and contemporary structure. We are told very little about Hamlet's early life, but we do know that he idealized his fatherâas either a model human or a model male (âA was a man ⊠I shall not see his like againâ (1.2.186â7))âand had a devoted mother (in the present, we are told that she âlives almost by his looksâ (4.7.12), and there is no reason to think that this was not the case in the past). The one early memory strand of Hamlet's that is reconstructed is riotously joyous. His father's court jester âbore [Hamlet] on his back a thousand timesâ, and Hamlet loved him (having kissed his lips âI know not how oftâ), and, even as a child, appreciated his performancesâhis gibes, gambols, songsâand was part of a festive community in this appreciation; the jester's âflashes of merrimentâ were wont âto set the table on a roarâ (5.1.179â85).
The other thing that we know about Hamlet's early life is that he had two friends who were âof so young days brought up with himâ and were close to him not only in age but in spirit and activity (âneighbour'd to his youth and haviourâ (2.2.11â12)). In naming these characters, Shakespeare is, again, being absolutely historically correct and contemporary. At the coronation of Christian IV in 1596, there were no fewer than nine Guildensterns and seven Rosencrantzes among the attendant Danish aristocrats12âso their ethnicity and their class status is assured. And we know that Hamlet was genuinely fond of them. It is his uncle who mentions the affinities in youth and âhaviourâ, and his mother reports to the two young aristocrats that Hamlet enjoys telling stories about their shared youthful exploitsââhe hath much talk'd of youâ, and she believes that there are not two men living âTo whom he more adheresâ (2.2.19â21). Hamlet's mother and uncle appeal to the âgentryâ of the two youths and expect them, given their past relationship to Hamlet, to âdraw him on to pleasuresâ (2.2.22; 15). I realize that this reading requires that we take the words of Claudius and Gertrude here at face value, but I cannot see any reason not to do so. Their whole plan depends on what they say being true.
Their confidence seems justified. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern find Hamlet, they address him quite formally as a social superior. Rosencrantz says, âGod save you, sirâ; Guildenstern addresses him both more intimately and more formally as âMy most dear lordâ. In what we now recognize as a typical gesture of (using Lupton's terms again) establishing horizontal rather than vertical social relations, Hamlet changes the register and addresses them as âMy excellent good friendsâ (2.2.221â3). Michael Neill has called attention to the complexity and problematic nature of such a gesture, as has Christopher Warley, but it seems to be something that Hamlet quite spontaneously does, and is quite committed to doing.13 He does the same thing when he first meets Horatio, who addresses Hamlet even more formally than Guildenstern does, with âHail to your lordshipâ, and whose âyour poor servantâ, Hamlet changes to âmy good friendâ (1.2.159â63). Hamlet insists, at the end of the encounter with âthe thingâ on the battlements, that precedence be ignoredâthe âNayâ in âNay, let's go togetherâ only makes sense as a gesture of this sort. Hamlet seems genuinely to enjoy setting friendship above hierarchy. This can, again, be seen as a hierarchical prerogative, but even so it is significant that Hamlet chooses to exercise the prerogative in this way, and so regularly.
When Hamlet asks his âexcellent good friendsâ Rosencrantz and Guildenstern how they are doing, he playfully urges them to extend the metaphor about their location on Fortune's body, and himself turns the metaphor in a bawdy direction, which the friends are happy to adopt (2.2.225â36). It is all quite light-hearted. Hamlet makes it clear that (as we already know) the two have not, recently, been living in Denmark. In the Folio text, he turns bitter, puzzling the two by calling Denmark a prison; he banters with them about the subjectivity of feelings and about the (supposed) insubstantiality of ambition and invites them, in a gesture that is now familiar, to âgo togetherâ with him (âShall we to thâ courtâ?).14 They insist on his taking precedence (âWe'll wait upon youâ), and he tells them that he will not âsort themâ with âthe rest of his servantsâ because he is âmost dreadfully attendedâ.15 I do not think that this implies that Hamlet thinks of them as truly among his servants (as Warley does). At this point in both Q2 and the Folio, Hamlet turns to them and asks, with obvious sincerity, and announcing that he is momentarily giving up being witty, âbut in the beaten way of friendship, what make you at Elsinoreâ (2.2.270).
It is tempting to see this as a turning point. At the equivalent moment in relation to Horatio, Horatio makes the joke about âa truant dispositionâ and then answers directly (âI came to see your father's funeralâ (1.2.176)). Rosencrantz, on the other hand, tells what we know to be a bald-faced lie. Hamlet does not believe that the two turned up just to visit him, for âno other occasionâ. But he seems willing to give them a chance to admit what he guesses, correctly, to be the true situation (âWere you not sent for?â (2.2.274)). I think that he really wants them to âdeal justlyâ with him. He pressures them by reference to their history, which he presents very positively: âby the rights of our fellowship, by the consonancy of our youth, by the obligation of our ever-preserved loveâ (2.2.284â6). Again, I think that he really wants them to come through. With some hesitancy, and after another appeal to love (âif you love meâ), they finally do. He then gives them his set humanist and anti-humanist speech about âthe paragon of animalsâ who is also âthe quintessence of dustâ (2.2.303â8). He is playing with themâpretending...