Substrate-Integrated Millimeter-Wave Antennas for Next-Generation Communication and Radar Systems

Zhi Ning Chen, Xianming Qing

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781119611110
• eBook ISBN: 9781119611158
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Substrate-Integrated Millimeter-Wave Antennas for Next-Generation Communication and Radar Systems

The first and only comprehensive text on substrate-integrated mmW antenna technology, state-of-the-art antenna design, and emerging wireless applications

Substrate-Integrated Millimeter-Wave Antennas for Next-Generation Communication and Radar Systems elaborates the most important topics related to revolutionary millimeter-wave (mmW) technology. Following a clear description of fundamental concepts including substrate-­integrated waveguides and loss analysis, the text treats key design methods, prototyping techniques, and experimental setup and testing. The authors also highlight applications of mmW antennas in 5G wireless communication and next-generation radar systems. Readers are prepared to put techniques into practice through practical discussions of how to set up testing for impedance matching, radiation patterns, gain from 24GHz up to 325 GHz, and more.

This book will bring readers state-of-the-art designs and recent progress in substrate-integrated mmW antennas for emerging wireless applications. Substrate-Integrated Millimeter-Wave Antennas for Next-Generation Communication and Radar Systems is the first comprehensive text on the topic, allowing readers to quickly master mmW technology. This book:

• Introduces basic concepts such as metamaterials Huygens's surface, zero-index structures, and pattern synthesis
• Describes prototyping in the form of fabrication based on printed-circuit-board, low-temperature-co-fired-ceramic and micromachining
• Explores applications for next-generation radar and imaging systems such as 24-GHz and 77-GHz vehicular radar systems
• Elaborates design methods including waveguide-based feeding network, three-dimensional feeding structure, dielectric loaded aperture antenna element, and low-sidelobe synthesis

The mmW is one of today's most important emerging technologies. This book provides graduate students, researchers, and engineers with the knowledge they need to deploy mmW systems and develop new antenna designs with low cost, low loss, and low complexity.

1
Introduction to Millimeter Wave Antennas

Zhi Ning Chen

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Republic of Singapore.

1.1 Millimeter Waves

Millimeter waves are regulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the electromagnetic waves at the wavelength range of millimeter order, namely, 1–10 mm; the corresponding frequency range is from 30 to 300 GHz, or extremely high frequency (EHF), as listed in Table 1.1. However, the systems operating at the frequencies lower than 30 GHz, such as 24 GHz, are also categorized as millimeter wave (mmW) systems simply because the behaviors of the electromagnetic waves at such frequencies are very similar to those at the defined mmW frequencies. Furthermore, the waves at the wavelength of sub‐millimeter order, namely 0.1–1 mm, or the frequency range from 300 to 3000 GHz, are regulated as “terahertz (THz) wave,” and the waves at the wavelength of 1 mm–1 m, or the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, are regulated as “microwave” by ITU [1]. Therefore, the mmW band is located at the upper edge of the microwave band. Accordingly, the wavelengths at the mmW bands are shorter than those at lower microwave bands but longer than those at infrared bands.

The majority of existing wireless communication and radar systems have been long operating at the lower microwave bands. This book will focus on the waves over the mmW bands at the frequency range from 24 to 300 GHz for wireless applications.

1.2 Propagation of Millimeter Waves

The high frequencies or short wavelengths of the mmWs make their propagation characteristics very unique. The propagation characteristics directly determine the behaviors of waves propagating to desired destinations through a certain path and media. In a long‐distance wireless communication, radar, or imaging/sensing application, the propagation properties of the wave fully determine the system design requirements, in particular the selection of the adequate operating frequency and bandwidth [2].

As shown in Table 1.2, the dominant propagation modes of the waves vary against operating frequencies. Furthermore, the types of propagation modes determine the distance of wave propagation. It can be found that:

1. the wave mainly propagates in ionospheric modes like a skywave when the frequencies are lower, for instance, at very high frequency (VHF) and below;
2. the wave can propagate in surface modes like a groundwave when the frequencies are at low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF) bands; and
3. at higher frequencies, typically VHF and above, the wave just travels in direct modes, that is, the line‐of‐sight (LOS), where the propagation is limited by the visual horizon up to about 64 km on the surface of the earth.

Table 1.1 Allocation of the radio frequency bands by ITU.

ITU band number	Designated band	Frequency	Wavelength in air
1	Extremely low frequency (ELF)	3–30 Hz	9993.1–99 930.8 km
2	Super low frequency (SLF)	30–300 Hz	999.3–9993.1 km
3	Ultra low frequency (ULF)	300–3000 Hz	99.9–999.3 km
4	Very low frequency (VLF)	3–30 kHz	10.0–99.9 km
5	Low frequency (LF)	30–300 kHz	1.0–10.0 km
6	Medium frequency (MF)	300–3000 kHz	0.1–1.0 km
7	High frequency (HF)	3–30 MHz	10.0–100.0 m
8	Very high frequency (VHF)	30–300 MHz	1.0–10.0 m
9	Ultra high frequency (UHF)	300–3000 MHz	0.1–1.0 m
10	Super high frequency (SHF)	3–30 GHz	10.0–100.0 mm
11	Extremely high frequency (EHF)	30–300 GHz	1.0–10.0 mm
12	Tremendously high frequency (THF or THz)	300–3000 GHz	0.1–1.0 mm

Note:

1. Hz: hertz
2. k: kilo (10³), M: mega (10⁶), G: giga (10⁹), T: tera (10¹²).

The LOS refers to the waves directly propagating in a line from one transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. However, it is not necessary for the wave to travel in a clear sight path. Usually, the wave is able to go through buildings, foliage, and other obstacles with diffraction or reflection, in particular at lower frequencies such as VHF and below.

On the other hand, like a light wave, also an electromagnetic wave, the mmWs with shorter wavelengths in millimeter orders, in particular, at EHF and above, always propagate in LOS modes. Their propagation is significantly affected by the typical phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, and scattering so that a clear path without any lossy or/and waveleng...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• IEEE Press
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Editor Biographies
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• 1 Introduction to Millimeter Wave Antennas
• 2 Measurement Methods and Setups of Antennas at 60–325 GHz Bands
• 3 Substrate Integrated mmW Antennas on LTCC
• 4 Broadband Metamaterial‐Mushroom Antenna Array at 60 GHz Bands
• 5 Narrow‐Wall‐Fed Substrate Integrated Cavity Antenna at 60 GHz
• 6 Cavity‐Backed SIW Slot Antennas at 60 GHz
• 7 Circularly Polarized SIW Slot LTCC Antennas at 60 GHz
• 8 Gain Enhancement of LTCC Microstrip Patch Antenna by Suppressing Surface Waves
• 9 Substrate Integrated Antennas for Millimeter Wave Automotive Radars
• 10 Sidelobe Reduction of Substrate Integrated Antenna Arrays at Ka‐Band
• 11 Substrate Edge Antennas
• Index
• End User License Agreement