Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving

Mikael Fallgren, Markus Dillinger, Toktam Mahmoodi, Tommy Svensson, Mikael Fallgren, Markus Dillinger, Toktam Mahmoodi, Tommy Svensson

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781119692645
• eBook ISBN: 9781119692652
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Civil Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

CELLULAR V2X FOR CONNECTED AUTOMATED DRIVING

A unique examination of cellular communication technologies for connected automated driving, combining expert insights from telecom and automotive industries as well as technical and scientific knowledge from industry and academia

Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies enable vehicles to communicate both with the network, with each other, and with other road users using reliable, responsive, secure, and high-capacity communication links. Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving provides an up-to-date view of the role of C-V2X technologies in connected automated driving (CAD) and connected road user (CRU) services, such as advanced driving support, improved road safety, infotainment, over-the-air software updates, remote driving, and traffic efficiency services enabling the future large-scale transition to self-driving vehicles. This timely book discusses where C-V2X technology is situated within the increasingly interconnected ecosystems of the mobile communications and automotive industries.

An expert contributor team from both industry and academia explore potential applications, business models, standardization, spectrum and channel modelling, network enhancements, security and privacy, and more. Broadly divided into two parts—introductory and advanced material—the text first introduces C-V2X technology and introduces a variety of use cases and opportunities, requiring no prerequisite technical knowledge. The second part of the book assumes a basic understanding of the field of telecommunications, presenting technical descriptions of the radio, system aspects, and network design for the previously discussed applications. This up-to-date resource:

• Provides technical details from the finding of the European Commission H2020 5G PPP 5GCAR project, a collaborative research initiative between the telecommunications and automotive industries and academic researchers
• Elaborates on use cases, business models, and a technology roadmap for those seeking to shape a start-up in the area of automated and autonomous driving
• Provides up to date descriptions of standard specifications, standardization and industry organizations and important regulatory aspects for connected vehicles
• Provides technical insights and solutions for the air interface, network architecture, positioning and security to support vehicles at different automation levels
• Includes detailed tables, plots, and equations to clarify concepts, accompanied by online tutorial slides for use in teaching and seminars

Thanks to its mix of introductory content and technical information, Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving is a must-have for industry and academic researchers, telecom and automotive industry practitioners, leaders, policymakers, and regulators, and university-level instructors and students. Additional resources available at the following site: Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving – 5GCAR

1
Introduction

Mikael Fallgren¹, Markus Dillinger², Toktam Mahmoodi³, Tommy Svensson⁴, Charalampos Kalalas⁵, Erik Ström⁴, and Antonio Fernandez Barciela⁶

¹Ericsson Research, Sweden

²Huawei German Research Center, Germany

³King's College London, UK

⁴Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

⁵Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Spain

⁶PSA Group, Spain

In recent decades, mobile broadband has become an increasingly important part of our daily connected life. Many industries and businesses also rely on wireless mobile communication for connectivity between their sites, services, devices, and users. This connectivity provides an increased awareness that ultimately leads to smarter decisions based on additional information from the surroundings. Such awareness could provide various degrees of assistance to vehicle drivers, including fully autonomous driving, so‐called connected automated driving (CAD) [1].

CAD is a paradigm brought forward by the convergence of automated driving using on‐board sensors, connectivity and cloud access for increased awareness and driving performance. We envision that the fifth generation (5G) and beyond of mobile networks will play a key role with regard to mission‐critical services to support CAD. Mobile network technologies enable vehicles to connect other vehicles, networks, and road infrastructure, which in general term is referred to as vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X). Mobile network support of V2X – cellular V2X (C‐V2X) – is the topic of this book, with a focus on CAD services but with attention to other connected road user (CRU) services as well.

Section 1.1 presents a brief background and motivation for C‐V2X, CAD, and CRU services, including key technical terminology. Section 1.2 describes the ambitions of the telecommunication and automotive industries for a joint roadmap for CAD. Section 1.3 goes into more detail about communication technologies for CAD and the standardization organizations. Finally, Section 1.4 outlines the structure of this book.

1.1 Background and Motivation for C‐V2X

In this section, we give some background and motivation for C‐V2X starting with intelligent transport system (ITS). We then proceed to discuss CAD and conclude with CRU services.

1.1.1 Intelligent Transport Systems

ITS is a broad term that covers a multitude of applications aimed at making transport systems safer and more efficient. It is hard to nail down an exact definition of ITS, since it has a long and rich history. However, the following definition comes from European Commission (EU) directive 2010/40/EU:

ITS integrate telecommunications, electronics and information technologies with transport engineering in order to plan, design, operate, maintain and manage transport systems. The application of information and communication technologies to the road transport sector and its interfaces with other modes of transport will make a significant contribution to improving environmental performance, efficiency, including energy efficiency, safety and security of road transport, including the transport of dangerous goods, public security and passenger and freight mobility, whilst at the same time ensuring the functioning of the internal market as well as increased levels of competitiveness and employment. However, ITS applications should be without prejudice to matters concerning national security or which are necessary in the interest of defence.

Applications in which vehicles and road infrastructure cooperate are called cooperative ITS (C‐ITS). There are two broad categories: traffic safety and traffic efficiency applications. Traffic safety applications aim to reduce the number and severity of road accidents, while traffic efficiency applications target reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions and the more efficient use of road infrastructure (e.g. increasing traffic flow on existing roads). Additional potential benefits of C‐ITS include improved driver comfort [2,3]. An early C‐ITS service, already included in European cars since 2018, is the availability of connectivity for emergency call (eCall) services.

In 2014, the European Commission set up a C‐ITS Deployment Platform as a cooperative framework including national authorities, C‐ITS stakeholders, and the Commission to develop a shared vision for an interoperable deployment of C‐ITS in the EU [3]. The goal was to provide policy recommendations for the development of a roadmap and a deployment strategy for C‐ITS in the EU and identify potential solutions to key challenges. During 2016–2017, the platform further developed a shared vision of the interoperable deployment of C‐ITS toward cooperative, connected, and automated mobility (CCAM) in the EU. The ultimate goal is interoperable digitization of transportation in the EU, with a special focus on road, rail, maritime, and air transportation, as well as inland navigation.

As we have described, ITS, C‐ITS, and CCAM are broad terms that cover a multitude of transport systems beyond road users. This means they refer to many different types of vehicles – cars, trams, trains, boats, drones, flying taxis, etc. Traditionally, though, C‐ITS focuses on vehicles and fixed road infrastructure communications, and therefore other road users are not addressed – in particular, not vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians.

In this book, we focus on C‐ITS solutions for road‐bound vehicles (such as cars, motorcycles, buses, and trucks) enabled by mobile networks, i.e. C‐V2X. With C‐V2X comes the opportunity to include also VRUs in the system. From here on, we refer to these types of solutions and systems as CAD [1]. Note that although it is not an integrated part in CAD, via the mobile network vehicles can still communicate and learn from all types of CCAM devices.

1.1.2 Connected Automated Driving

To enable connected automated driving (CAD) services ranging from advanced driver‐assistance systems (ADAS) to fully autonomous vehicles (also referred to as to self‐driving cars, autonomous vehicles (AV), connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV), driverless cars, robotic drivers, etc.), the telecommunication and automotive industries have been moving in similar directions, and in cooperation, to enable capabilities for C‐ITS with a focus on road vehicles, in particular cars. To this end, a wide range of use cases for CAD has been identified by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), ITS [4], and 3GPP standard releases [5–7], which can be clustered as follows:

• Automated driving: Includes use cases targeting fully autonomous driving where vehicles are able to coordinate their trajectories or maneuvers for collision avoidance and/or automated overtaking. This use case category is associated with stringent requirements in terms of latency and reliability to guarantee extremely low packet‐error rates as well as high positioning accuracy.
• Cooperative sensing: Includes use cases where the exchange of sensor information captured by different sources enhances vehicles' perception beyond the capabilities of on‐board sensors, helping the driver or automated car to perform critical maneuvers and navigate safely. Low latency and high data rates constitute the key requirements of this use case category.
• Traffic safety: Includes mission‐critical use cases related to protecting vulnerable users, road hazard warnings, collision avoidance, etc. This use case category has extreme performance requirements in terms of latency/reliability and positioning accuracy.
• Traffic efficiency: Includes use cases that involve updating routes and dynamic digital maps. Typically, traffic efficiency use cases are not associated with strict latency/reliability requirements but require high data rates for efficient route selection.

In addition to addressing technical challenges, for CAD services to fully take off, a diverse set of stakeholders need to come together: car manufacturers, road infrastructure operators, mobile network operators (MNOs), standards‐developing organizations, policymakers, and end users. Therefore, harmonious collaboration and close synergies among them are necessary to provide answers to a plethora of research questions that the new mobility ecosystem introduces as well as to reduce the time to market of new technologies and facilitate their early adoption.

Two key drivers for such cooperation are improving traffic safety and traffic efficiency; but there are other incentives, such as offering additional driver comfort. Therefore, it is important to understand the vision and perspective of these two industry sectors as major players in delivering CAD, and we elaborate on that in this book.

1.1.3 Connected Road User Services

C‐V2X supports not only CAD, but also many other connected road user (CRU) services, such as the combination of information and entertainment (infotainment), over‐the‐air (OTA) software updates, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) clouds for proactive maintenance and diagnosis, weather forecasts, pollution monitoring, tolling for road usage, road maintenance, parking garage business support, services related to parked vehicles (e.g. parking efficiency, cha...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Foreword by Christian Micas
• Foreword by Maxime Flament
• Foreword by El Khamis Kadiri
• Foreword by Magnus Eek
• Preface
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Business Models
• 3 Standardization and Regulation
• 4 Spectrum and Channel Modeling
• 5 V2X Radio Interface
• 6 Network Enhancements
• 7 Enhancements to Support V2X Application Adaptations
• 8 Radio‐Based Positioning and Video‐Based Positioning
• 9 Security and Privacy
• 10 Status, Recommendations, and Outlook
• Index
• End User License Agreement