Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Towards Highly Connected Environments

Prabhat Thakur, Ghanshyam Singh

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN:
  9781119665427
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9781119665441
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Mobile & Wireless Communications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

SPECTRUM SHARING IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

Discover the latest advances in spectrum sharing in wireless networks from two internationally recognized experts in the field

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Towards Highly Connected Environments delivers an in-depth and insightful examination of hybrid spectrum access techniques with advanced frame structures designed for efficient spectrum utilization. The accomplished authors present the energy and spectrum efficient frameworks used in high-demand distributed architectures by relying on the self-scheduled medium access control (SMC-MAC) protocol in cognitive radio networks.

The book begins with an exploration of the fundamentals of recent advances in spectrum sharing techniques before moving onto advanced frame structures with spectrum accessing approaches and the role of spectrum prediction and spectrum monitoring to eliminate interference. The authors also cover spectrum mobility, interference, and spectrum management for connected environments in substantial detail.

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Towards Highly Connected Environments offers readers a recent and rational theoretical mathematical model of spectrum sharing strategies that can be used for practical simulation of future generation wireless communication technologies. It also highlights ongoing trends, revealing fresh research outcomes that will be of interest to active researchers in the area. Readers will also benefit from:

• An inclusive study of connected environments, 3GPP Releases, and the evolution of wireless communication generations with a discussion of advanced frame structures and access strategies in cognitive radio networks
• A treatment of cognitive radio networks using spectrum prediction and monitoring techniques
• An analysis of the effects of imperfect spectrum monitoring on cognitive radio networks
• An exploration of spectrum mobility in cognitive radio networks using spectrum prediction and monitoring techniques
• An examination of MIMO-based CR-NOMA communication systems for spectral and interference efficient designs

Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students in Electrical and Electronics Communication Engineering programs, Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Towards Highly Connected Environments will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers and researchers working in the field, whether in private industry, government, or academia.

1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The connected environment is a reality which we are going to achieve in the near future and internet‐of‐things (IoTs) have contributed to rapid progress in this journey. The IoTs have played a key role to establish the meaning of word “Connected” because the idea of enabling the things/devices with the Internet eases the process of communication with other things/devices in the nearby or far places. Parallelly, we are progressing immensely in the wireless communication generations where we are in the implementation stage of fifth generation and research is in progress for sixth or next generation (6G/XG). This progress in the wireless communication generations leads to improved capacity, reliability, and latency that motivate the end users to use the mobile phones as an integral part of their daily life. The rapid progress in the direction of connected environments and wireless communication generations has increased the number of wireless connected devices exponentially in recent years and as per the various survey articles, in the upcoming years, this increase will be surprising. As per Martech Advisor, the average number of wireless connected devices to each person will be 15. M. Hatton [1] has revealed that the number of IoT connected devices will increase to 24.1 billion in 2030 which was 7.6 billion in 2019 and will increase the revenue to USD 1.5 trillion which will be almost three times when compared with USD 465 billion in 2019 [2]. As per the Tankovska, the number of wireless connected devices in the 2018 was 22 billion, and are predicted to be 38.6 and 50 billion in 2025 and 2030, respectively [3]. This explosive increase in the number of wireless connected devices and network service requirement for these devices poses potential challenges to the future wireless communication systems in which the most prominent confront is the scarcity of radio resources/spectrum. A report from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [4] reveals a fact that the emerging spectrum scarcity comes from the inefficient spectrum usage due to the fixed spectrum allocation scheme rather than the real spectrum scarcity. The dynamic spectrum access (DSA) [5–15] is proposed as a promising approach to overcome the aforementioned issues. The prominent framework which enables the transformation of DSA approach into physical implementation is the cognitive radio (CR). The CR allows cognition in wireless networks and enables the concerned wireless communication devices to adapt to real‐time wireless environments. The CR can enhance the spectrum utilization if the primary network providers/licensed users/primary users (PUs) allow the unlicensed users/secondary users/cognitive users (CUs) to access the licensed spectrum, provided that the PUs are protected from the interference of CUs [5]. Further, the recent advancement about the connected environments, generations of wireless communication, and third generation partnership project (3GPP) has been briefed as follows.

1.1.1 Connected Environments

It is worth mentioning that the connected world comprises the connected environments where we live and are connected with other people/things – socially, politically, economically, and environmentally from the small scale to the extended large scale as shown in Figure 1.1a and b. The information and communication is a key component of the digitization and connecting various things and persons across the world. The body area network (BAN) is a small connected environment over the human body which collects the data from human body and either human takes the responsive step or report data to the doctor at remote place via different communication technologies such as third/fourth/fifth/sixth generation (3G/4G/5G/6G), via wireless fidelity (WiFi), or Bluetooth relies on the distance. Further, humans live in home and continuously try to ease their life where connected home with the help of IoT devices enables them to operate the home appliances remotely either using hand gestures or voice processing. In a smart home, most of the appliances such as lighting bulbs, fans, air‐conditioners, refrigerators, televisions, locking systems, etc., are controlled remotely and even from thousands of kilometers because of IoTs and this eases the human life significantly [16–21]. There are a number of connected homes in a city and other connected environments such as smart parking systems, smart hospitals, smart drainage systems, smart offices, smart monitoring systems, etc., which lead to formulate a smart city or connected city environments. The popular communication technology for connected vehicles is the dedicated short‐range communication (DSRC). As per various proposed definitions, “A smart city is a city that integrates its systems – from local labour markets to financial markets, from local government to education, healthcare, transportation and utilities – to drive efficiency for the benefit of its inhabitants.” A smarter city is a more collaborative, connected, and responsive city. It enables greater data innovation to meet citizens' needs [22, 23]. Further, multiple connected cities form the connected district and then to connected states, and connected counties, and then connected world. The next step after connected world is connected universe where initially we need to explore the connected space and some efforts are in progress in this direction with microscale satellite devices [24, 25]. Some recent works and literature in the direction of connected environments are presented as follows.

Figure 1.1 (a) The evolution of the connected environments from human body to the space. (b) The scenario of the connected environments.

Hofman et al. [26] have illustrated the 5G NetMobil project which is a progressive step toward the implementation of connected vehicles. The authors have presented an analysis of future automotive applications and their needs in the 5G NetMobil. Further, the authors have provided a description of several technical solutions developed within the project to respond to these arising communications demands in terms of reliability and latency. Y. Nakamoto [27] has highlighted some technological issues in the connected world that is assumed to consist of embedded systems and connects the physical and cloud systems by using internet services. The author has emphasized over two areas which are as follows: (i) implementation of connected world from the embedded system viewpoint where the research directions and challenges of security are discussed and (ii) the exploration of a design method for integrating functional safety with security in a vehicle which comprises a behavioral and development process model. Chen et al. [28] have presented the inception of 5G till 2020 and further plans for next generation of wireless communication, that is, 6G till 2030. The authors have perceived that when internet‐of‐everything (IoE) is an important constituent of 5G, the internet‐of‐intelligence (IoI) with connected people, connected things, connected intelligence in order to reduce the human intervention in most of the activities, ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Special Acknowledgements
• List of Acronyms
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Symbols
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Advanced Frame Structures in Cognitive Radio Networks
• 3 Cognitive Radio Network with Spectrum Prediction and Monitoring Techniques
• 4 Effect of Spectrum Prediction on Cognitive Radio Networks
• 5 Effect of Imperfect Spectrum Monitoring on Cognitive Radio Networks
• 6 Cooperative Spectrum Monitoring in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks
• 7 Spectrum Mobility in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Spectrum Prediction and Monitoring Techniques
• 8 Hybrid Self‐Scheduled Multichannel Medium Access Control Protocol in Cognitive Radio Networks
• 9 Frameworks of Non‐Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks
• 10 Performance Analysis of MIMO‐Based CR‐NOMA Communication Systems
• 11 Interference Management in Cognitive Radio Networks
• 12 Simulation Frameworks and Potential Research Challenges for Internet‐of‐Vehicles Networks
• 13 Radio Resource Management in Internet‐of‐Vehicles
• Index
• End User License Agreement