Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding

Chong Min Koo, Pradeep Sambyal, Aamir Iqbal, Faisal Shahzad, Junpyo Hong

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9783527829811
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding

Discover a cutting-edge reference on 2D EMI shielding materials for both industrial and academic audiences

Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding delivers a thorough and comprehensive examination of all aspects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption, including fundamentals and applications, as well as emerging 2D materials in the field, like graphene, and MXenes. The book covers basic knowledge on shielding mechanisms and the demanding physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the 2D materials against betrayed electromagnetic waves.

The benefits of novel 2D materials over existing materials are thoroughly explained and the reader is provided with insight into future developments in shielding materials for highly integrated electrical and electronic equipment. The book offers explanations and in-depth descriptions of graphene and MXenes materials, as well as likely future challenges that will confront practitioners in the field. Ideal for scientists, researchers, andengineers who design novel EMI shielding materials, the book also provides:

• A thorough introduction to electromagnetic field sources and their impact on humanbeings
• An exploration of EMI shielding mechanism and conversion techniques, including microwave absorption mechanisms and scattering parameter conversion methods
• Discussions of measurements and standards in EMI shielding, including shielding effectiveness measurements
• An examination of graphene, MXenes, and other 2D materials for EMI shielding and microwave absorbing

Perfect for materials scientists, electrochemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, and radiation chemists, Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding will also earn a place in the libraries of applied physicists and engineering scientists in industry seeking a one-stop reference on cutting-edge 2D electromagnetic interference shieldingmaterials.

1
Electromagnetic Interference and Shielding

1.1 Introduction

Telecommunication devices and microelectronics inadvertently receive, generate, and/or propagate electromagnetic waves (EMWs) in a wide frequency range. Technological advancements toward smaller and smarter electronic devices have inevitably been accompanied by increased electromagnetic interference (EMI). EMI is a type of cross‐talk between different devices and circuits operating in close proximity. This disrupting phenomenon often results in critical component malfunctioning, device underperformance, data loss, and incorrect signal interpretation [1–5]. More broadly, EMI is a serious concern for the aviation industry, including military jets, warships, and other strategic components, and can place a country's security at risk [6, 7]. The smallest error resulting from incorrect signal generation or interpretation could have serious consequences because of the false triggering of ammunition. Additionally, the increasing density of EMWs has a significant impact on human health [8, 9].

In the era of emerging fifth generation (5G) technology, the number of electronic devices and gadgets will increase drastically, resulting in increased exposure to wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi) and the internet of things (IoTs), as well as spreading electromagnetic terrorism and offensive information warfare [10]. Therefore, it is necessary to protect humans and electronic devices from the detrimental effects of EMI by providing suitable shielding. Thus, advanced EMI shielding materials should be developed to meet the challenges of advanced technologies.

The energy of EMWs can be attenuated by reflection, absorption, and multiple reflection mechanisms [11–13]. The primary mechanism involves the reflection of EMWs that strike the surface of a shielding material [2]. Highly conductive materials with excess mobile charge carriers (holes and/or electrons) show strong reflection upon interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Metals (e.g. Ag, Cu, and Al), which are the most conductive materials, show excellent EMI shielding properties through reflection, and have been used for decades in commercial appliances [14–16].

The second mechanism involves the absorption of EMWs within a shielding material. When EMWs propagate in a shielding material, their intensity is exponentially attenuated with the thickness. For efficient absorption, the electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and magnetic permeability of the shielding material play a vital role in attenuating the energy of EMWs through Ohmic loss, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss, respectively [17–20].

The third mechanism involves multiple reflections that occur because of either thin thickness or the presence of multiple interfaces within the material. These types of multiple reflections are different and hence perform differently. When the thickness of a material is smaller than the skin depth, multiple reflections will decrease the total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) value [12, 21], whereas this effect is negligible when the thickness of the material is larger than the skin depth. The skin depth is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of the incident EMWs falls by a value of 1/e. In contrast, multiple reflections caused by the presence of multiple internal interfaces have a positive impact on the EMI SE value, as the internal scattering of EMWs from the internal interfaces will increase absorption and hence the EMI shielding ability of the material. A comprehensive description of each mechanism along with the influencing and controlling parameters is provided in Chapter 2.

1.2 Electromagnetic Field Sources and Impact on Human Beings

The innovation ra...