Bacteriology of Humans

An Ecological Perspective

Michael Wilson

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2009
• Print ISBN: 9781405161657
• eBook ISBN: 9781444300383
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Microbiology
• Index: Biological Sciences

1st Prize, 'New Authored Books' category, Royal Society of Medicine and Society of Authors Medical Book Awards 2008

"Overall, I am impressed by the up-to date information content and structure provided in Bacteriology of Humans. It is truly an ecological perspective helpful for undergraduate/graduate majors in microbiology and immunology. " –American Society for Microbiology, June 2009

" Wilson provides the reader with an up-to-date, comprehensive census of the indigenous microorganisms that inhabit the human body and in so doing contributes significantly to this rapidly advancing area of study. The narrative is clearly written; the index is excellent; there are numerous bibliographic citations. Each chapter is rich with tables, diagrams, color micrographs, and charts … Highly recommended." –Choice Reviews

"This comprehensive, yet accessible text... is an excellent and informative reference book… it should be on the shelf of every major science and medical library. The content, organization, and presentation make this book a unique resource." –Doody's Book Reviews

Until recently, the indigenous microbiota of humans has been a relatively neglected area of microbiology with most attention being focused on those microbes that cause disease in humans, rather than on those that co-exist with us in the disease-free state. However, in the past decade research has shown that not only is the indigenous microbiota involved in protecting humans from exogenous pathogens but it is also involved in our development and nutrition. Consequently, interest has grown substantially among health professionals and scientists in analyzing and understanding these microbial (largely bacterial) communities.

This comprehensive, yet accessible text provides an up-to-date guide to the development, composition and distribution of indigenous microbial communities of humans. With the aid of abundant colour figures, diagrams, tables and maps, it establishes links between the physicochemical factors prevailing at an anatomical site and the types of microbes to be found there. The book includes an introduction to the human-microbe symbiosis as well as an in-depth look at the main systems and organs of the human body that have an indigenous microbiota. Each chapter includes a list of references for further study.

This is an excellent and informative reference book that is useful to anyone with an interest in microbiology, medical microbiology, microbial ecology, infectious diseases, immunology, human biology, medicine, dentistry, nursing, health sciences, biomedical sciences or pharmacy – it should be on the shelf of every major science and medical library.

Hallmark Features:

• Provides a comprehensive, yet accessible, reference book on the human microbiota
• Lavishly illustrated with colour figures, diagrams, tables and maps
• Each chapter provides a list of references to promote further study
• Each chapter contains links to key websites
• Offers an ecological approach that explains why certain organisms are associated with a particular anatomical site

Table of contents

• PREFACE
• ABBREVIATIONS USED
• Chapter 1
• 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE NATURE AND
• 1.1.1 Difficulties encountered in determining
• 1.1.2 Structural aspects of microbial
• 1.1.2.1 Microcolonies
• 1.1.2.2 Intracellular colonization
• 1.1.2.3 Biofilms
• 1.1.3 Communication in microbial
• 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 1.2.1 Nutritional determinants
• 1.2.2 Physicochemical determinants
• 1.2.3 Mechanical determinants
• 1.2.4 Biological determinants
• 1.3 HOST CHARACTERISTICS THAT
• 1.3.1 Age
• 1.3.2 Host genotype
• 1.3.3 Gender
• 1.4 TECHNIQUES USED TO
• 1.4.1 Microscopy
• 1.4.2 Culture-dependent approaches
• 1.4.3 Culture-independent, molecular
• 1.4.4 Functional analysis of microbial
• 1.5 THE EPITHELIUM – SITE OF
• 1.5.1 Structure of epithelia
• 1.5.2 The epithelium as an excluder of
• 1.5.3 Mucus and mucins
• 1.5.4 Innate and acquired immune responses
• 1.6 FURTHER READING
• 1.6.1 Books
• 1.6.2 Reviews and papers
• Chapter 2
• 2.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 2.2 CUTANEOUS ANTIMICROBIAL
• 2.2.1 Innate defense systems
• 2.2.2 Acquired immune defense systems
• 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 2.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 2.4.1 Members of the cutaneous microbiota
• 2.4.1.1 Corynebacterium spp.
• 2.4.1.2 Propionibacterium spp.
• 2.4.1.3 Staphylococcus spp.
• 2.4.1.4 Micrococcus spp.
• 2.4.1.5 Malassezia spp.
• 2.4.1.6 Acinetobacter spp.
• 2.4.1.7 Brevibacterium spp.
• 2.4.1.8 Dermabacter hominis
• 2.4.1.9 Methylobacterium spp.
• 2.4.2 Community composition at
• 2.4.3 Culture-independent studies of the
• 2.4.4 Interactions among members of the
• 2.5 OVERVIEW OF THE CUTANEOUS
• 2.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 2.7 FURTHER READING
• 2.7.1 Books
• 2.7.2 Reviews and papers
• Chapter 3
• 3.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 3.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE
• 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 3.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 3.4.1 Members of the ocular microbiota
• 3.4.2 Composition of the ocular
• 3.4.3 Interactions among members of
• 3.5 OVERVIEW OF THE OCULAR
• 3.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 3.7 FURTHER READING
• Chapter 4
• 4.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• 4.1.1 Nose
• 4.1.2 Pharynx
• 4.1.3 Larynx
• 4.1.4 Trachea
• 4.1.5 Bronchi and bronchioles
• 4.1.6 Alveolus
• 4.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE
• 4.2.1 Nasal cavity
• 4.2.2 Other regions of the conducting
• 4.2.3 Respiratory portion
• 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 4.3.1 Atmospheric composition
• 4.3.2 pH
• 4.3.3 Nutrients
• 4.3.3.1 Composition of nasal fluid, ASL, and
• 4.3.3.2 Contribution of microbial residents of
• 4.4 INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 4.4.1 Members of the respiratory microbiota
• 4.4.1.1 Streptococcus spp.
• 4.4.1.1.1 Strep. pyogenes
• 4.4.1.1.2 Strep. pneumoniae
• 4.4.1.1.3 Viridans group streptococci
• 4.4.1.2 Neisseria spp.
• 4.4.1.2.1 N. meningitidis
• 4.4.1.2.2 Other Neisseria spp.
• 4.4.1.3 Haemophilus spp.
• 4.4.1.3.1 H. influenzae
• 4.4.1.3.2 Other Haemophilus spp.
• 4.4.1.4 Moraxella catarrhalis
• 4.4.1.5 Staphylococci
• 4.4.1.5.1 Staph. aureus
• 4.4.1.5.2 CNS
• 4.4.1.6 Mollicutes
• 4.4.1.7 Kingella kingae
• 4.4.2 Community composition at the various
• 4.4.2.1 Nasal vestibule
• 4.4.2.2 Nasal cavity
• 4.4.2.3 Nasopharynx
• 4.4.2.4 Oropharynx
• 4.4.2.5 Lower respiratory tract
• 4.4.3 Interactions among members of the
• 4.5 OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY
• 4.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 4.7 FURTHER READING
• Chapter 5
• 5.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 5.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES OF THE
• 5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 5.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 5.4.1 Members of the urethral microbiota
• 5.4.2 Community composition in the
• 5.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA OF
• 5.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 5.7 FURTHER READING
• Chapter 6
• 6.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 6.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE
• 6.2.1 Innate defense systems
• 6.2.2 Acquired immune defense
• 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 6.3.1 Vagina
• 6.3.2 Cervix
• 6.3.3 Vulva
• 6.3.4 Contribution of the indigenous
• 6.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA
• 6.4.1 Members of the microbiota
• 6.4.1.1 Lactobacillus spp.
• 6.4.1.2 Gardnerella vaginalis
• 6.4.1.3 Candida albicans
• 6.4.1.4 Streptococcus agalactiae
• 6.4.1.5 Mycoplasma hominis
• 6.4.1.6 Ureaplasma urealyticum
• 6.4.1.7 Atopobium vaginae
• 6.4.1.8 Mobiluncus spp.
• 6.4.2 Community composition at different
• 6.4.2.1 Vagina
• 6.4.2.1.1 Post-menarcheal/pre-menopausal females
• 6.4.2.1.2 Pre-menarcheal girls
• 6.4.2.1.3 Post-menopausal women
• 6.4.2.1.4 Vaginal microbiota during pregnancy
• 6.4.2.2 Cervix
• 6.4.2.2.1 Post-menarcheal/pre-menopausal females
• 6.4.2.2.2 Cervical microbiota during pregnancy
• 6.4.2.3 Vulva
• 6.4.3 Interactions between organisms colonizing the female reproductive system
• 6.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA OF
• 6.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 6.7 FURTHER READING
• 6.7.1 Books
• 6.7.2 Reviews and papers
• Chapter 7
• 7.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• 7.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES
• 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 7.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA
• 7.4.1 Members of the microbiota
• 7.4.2 Microbiota of the male urethra
• 7.4.3 Microbiota of the glans penis
• 7.4.4 Microbiota of the prostate
• 7.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA
• 7.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 7.7 FURTHER READING
• Chapter 8
• 8.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 8.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE
• 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 8.3.1 Mechanical determinants
• 8.3.2 Nutritional determinants
• 8.3.3 Physicochemical determinants
• 8.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 8.4.1 Members of the oral microbiota
• 8.4.1.1 Oral streptococci and related Grampositive
• 8.4.1.2 Gemella spp.
• 8.4.1.3 Actinomyces spp.
• 8.4.1.4 Rothia dentocariosa
• 8.4.1.5 Veillonella spp.
• 8.4.1.6 Anaerobic and microaerophilic
• 8.4.1.6.1 Fusobacterium spp.
• 8.4.1.6.2 Porphyromonas spp.
• 8.4.1.6.3 Prevotella spp.
• 8.4.1.6.4 Spirochaetes
• 8.4.1.6.5 Other anaerobic species
• 8.4.1.7 Facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative
• 8.4.1.8 Mycoplasma spp.
• 8.4.1.9 Megasphaera spp.
• 8.4.2 Community composition at
• 8.4.2.1 Supragingival plaque
• 8.4.2.2 Gingival crevice
• 8.4.2.3 Tongue
• 8.4.2.4 Other mucosal surfaces
• 8.5 OVERVIEW OF THE ORAL
• 8.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 8.7 FURTHER READING
• 8.7.1 Books
• 8.7.2 Reviews and papers
• Chapter 9
• 9.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
• 9.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE
• 9.2.1 Innate defense systems
• 9.2.2 Acquired immune defense system
• 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
• 9.3.1 Esophagus
• 9.3.2 Stomach
• 9.3.3 Small intestine
• 9.3.4 Large intestine
• 9.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
• 9.4.1 Members of the intestinal microbiota
• 9.4.1.1 Bacteroides
• 9.4.1.2 Eubacterium
• 9.4.1.3 Roseburia
• 9.4.1.4 Clostridium
• 9.4.1.5 Bifidobacterium
• 9.4.1.6 Enterococcus
• 9.4.1.7 Helicobacter pylori
• 9.4.1.8 Enterobacteriaceae
• 9.4.1.9 Ruminococcus
• 9.4.1.10 Methanogenic organisms
• 9.4.1.11 Desulfovibrio
• 9.4.1.12 Acidaminococcus
• 9.4.1.13 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
• 9.4.2 Community composition in different
• 9.4.2.1 Esophagus
• 9.4.2.2 Stomach
• 9.4.2.3 Small intestine
• 9.4.2.3.1 Duodenum
• 9.4.2.3.2 Jejunum
• 9.4.2.3.3 Ileum
• 9.4.2.4 Large intestine
• 9.4.2.4.1 Cecum
• 9.4.2.4.2 Colon
• 9.4.2.4.3 Rectum
• 9.4.3 Microbial interactions in the
• 9.5 OVERVIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS
• 9.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO
• 9.7 FURTHER READING
• 9.7.1 Books
• 9.7.2 Reviews and papers
• Chapter 10
• 10.1 FURTHER READING
• INDEX