Medical Internet of Things

Techniques, Practices and Applications

Anirban Mitra, Jayanta Mondal, Anirban Das, Anirban Mitra, Jayanta Mondal, Anirban Das

• Publisher: Chapman and Hall/CRC
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781032124933
• eBook ISBN: 9781000470840
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Cloud Computing
• Index: Computer Science

In recent years, the Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) has emerged as one of the most helpful technological gifts to mankind. With the incredible development in data science, big data technologies, IoT and embedded systems, it is now possible to collect a huge amount of sensitive and personal data, compile it and store it through cloud or edge computing techniques. However, important concerns remain about security and privacy, the preservation of sensitive and personal data, and the efficient transfer, storage and processing of MIoT-based data.

Medical Internet of Things: Techniques, Practices and Applications is an attempt to explore new ideas and novel techniques in the area of MIoT. The book is composed of fifteen chapters discussing basic concepts, issues, challenges, case studies and applications in MIoT.

This book offers novel advances and applications of MIoT in a precise and clear manner to the research community to achieve in-depth knowledge in the field. This book will help those interested in the field as well as researchers to gain insight into different concepts and their importance in multifaceted applications of real life. This has been done to make the book more flexible and to stimulate further interest in the topic.

Features:

• A systematic overview of concepts in Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) is included.
• Recent research and some pointers on future advancements in MIoT are discussed.
• Examples and case studies are included.
• It is written in an easy-to-understand style with the help of numerous figures and datasets.

This book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators who are interested in working on MIoT, as well as researchers developing methodology in this field. It may also be used as a textbook for postgraduate-level courses in computer science or information technology.

1

IoT in the Healthcare Industry

Semanti Chakraborty¹ and Kanik Palodhi²

¹Department of Electronics and Communication, Amity University, Kolkata, India

²Department of Applied Optics and Photonics, University of Calcutta, India

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Need Analysis and Beneficiaries

1.2.1 Monitoring In-House (i.e., within Hospital or Clinics)

1.2.2 Patients' Movement within Hospitals and Other Management

1.3 Doctors' Perspective

1.4 Health Cost Reduction

1.5 Data Management of Patients for Administrative Purposes

1.6 IoT in the Healthcare Industry

1.6.1 Topology

1.6.2 Architecture

1.7 Platforms

1.7.1 Applications and Services

1.8 Conclusion

References

DOI: 10.1201/9780429318078-1

1.1 Introduction

The modern era is defined for its automation and industrialisation, with rapid exchange of human labour for its automation counterpart. This automation is driven by the presence of innumerable sensors and transducers across all walks of life. All these sensors generate electrical signals based on certain environmental conditions. For each condition, defined by parameters such as temperature or humidity, an electrical response is noted, giving rise to multiple datasets. According to the US National Science Foundation, approximately 20 billion sensors are going to be connected to the global network by 2020, which is an exponential growth to say the least [1–3].

Most companies now have a digital footprint, and as a consequence, huge numbers of objects, connected to various types of networks, will need efficient and precise data flow. Otherwise, the entire economy can be hampered due to a sudden glitch, since more and more businesses are dependent on information coming from continuous monitoring of these connected objects. The basic concept is that humans are in touch with the world through connected objects distributed over a network. In other words, humans and their surroundings are connected through distributed sensors over a network of networks, the internet [4]. This concept of all-pervading connectivity was first proposed by British innovator Kevin Ashton in 1999. He coined the phrase “Internet of Things”, or IoT, as it is often referred [5]. Though it was futuristic at that time, within 20 years IoT was standardised as a protocol in many applications [6–10].

After its inception and initial hiccups, IoT has slowly become a buzzword. The term now effectively amalgamates data acquisition, data storage and data analysis. Every day new applications are being designed and implemented since IoT has cut down the time to market for a product due to familiarity and format. Typical applications of IoT include the following, and this is in no way an exhaustive list:

1. Telecom [11–13]
2. ERP [14,15]
3. E-governance and law enforcement [16,17]
4. Smart home and smart city [18–20]
5. Renewable energy [21,22]
6. Healthcare and medical technologies [23–25]

This book chapter concentrates on the final one, covering the health sector. This sector more than any other domain has a telling effect on human lives, and it does so instantaneously. The domain is termed MIoT, or IoT applied in the field of medical technologies and healthcare, and many of the advanced countries are investing heavily to harness its benefits. A few of the plans are mentioned below:

1. China’s National IoT Plan by the Ministry of Industry and IT
2. European Research Cluster on IoT (IERC)
3. Japan’s u-Strategy
4. UK’s Future Internet Initiatives
5. Italian National Project of Netergit
6. NIST report for cyber-physical systems and IoT in the United States [23,26–29]

The Indian government’s (GoI) Digital India Mission includes a health portal and central storage of health-related medical data as well as image storage [30,31].

The predominant reason for this huge investment, particularly in the case of India, is the scarcity of suitable medical care and treatment for ordinary people, which will be discussed in Chapter 2 [32]. In recent times, private medicare has compounded the cost with an increase in insurance premiums.

This situation clearly points to the need for a drastic reduction in the number of patients who need to be seen in hospitals or clinics versus those who can use continuous health monitoring. In addition, it points to the importance of preventive medicine [33]. It calls for an emergency technology intervention, or “disruptive technology”, and we believe MIoT is going to occupy that place. Previously, similar needs were catered to by using an ensemble of technologies that were referred to as “biotelemetry”, or biomedical telemetry [34,35]. Now, with the help of cloud computing, IoT has enabled the basic information to be uploaded on a platform that is interoperable and immediately accessible [32,36–39]. Apart from the reduction of patients who need to be in hospitals, other pertinent needs can be smoothly managed using this technology. In the following section, we discuss this technology in detail as well as a few future and special needs. This goes to show that in the presence of a simple, stable and predictable platform, many innovations can take place, driving the economy.

1.2 Need Analysis and Beneficiaries

In this section, we illustrate a need analysis with a few specific cases. Many sections of society are influenced by MIoT, and we should be prepared for a behavioural shift in medical management if this technology is introduced internationally [40–42].

Consider the relationship between patients and doctors. Globally, there is a lack of affordable healthcare for moderate income groups and the poor. Already, there is a huge emphasis on preventive medicine, which aims to monitor health or promote regular health check-ups. According to the Indian National Health Profile, a wing of Ministry of Health, GoI, only around 1 allopathic doctor per 11,000 patients is available. (This information was obtained from 2018 data.) This is far below the World Health Organization’s global standard doctor and patient ratio of 1:1,000 [30,32]. There are many ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• 1 IoT in the Healthcare Industry
• 2 Asynchronous BCI (Brain–Computer Interface) Switch for an Alarm
• 3 Preprocessing and Discrimination of Cytopathological Images
• 4 Applications of Internet of Vehicles in the Medical Sector
• 5 CNN-Based Melanoma Detection with Denoising Autoencoder for Content-Based Image Classification
• 6 IoT and Fog Computing-Based Smart Irrigation System for the Planting Medicinal Plants
• 7 IoT Networks for Healthcare
• 8 Medical Internet of Things: Techniques, Practices and Applications
• 9 Issues and Aspects of Medical IoT: A Case-Based Analysis
• 10 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Patients During the Pandemic Situation Due to COVID-19: Exploring Possible Application of MIoT
• 11 MIoT: Paralyzed Patient Healthcare
• 12 Vision–X: IoT-Based Smart Navigation System for People with Visual Challenges
• 13 Analysis of Human Emotions-Based Data Using MIoT Technique
• 14 Understanding Explainable AI: Role in IoT-Based Disease Prediction and Diagnosis
• 15 An Overview on Sleep, Sleep Stages and Sleep Behavior
• Index