1
Introduction
Throughout the twentieth century, the book of EzraāNehemiah did not receive the same amount of scholarly attention as some other books of the Old Testament. When I began writing this book several years ago, a visit to Pitts Theology Library at Emory University in Atlanta revealed that ļ»æthere were noticeably fewer commentaries and monographs for EzraāNehemiah ļ»æthan there were for other books in the Old Testament. Meanwhile, the considerably shorter Ruth had about the same number of volumes on the shelf as ļ»ædid EzraāNehemiah. Why has EzraāNehemiah, at least until recently, suffered comparative neglect?
The first reason for less attention ļ»æhaving been given to EzraāNehemiah is that this book seems to lack literary coherence. Both men, Ezra (Ezra 8:15 ā 9:15) and Nehemiah (Neh. 1:1 ā 7:5; 12:27ā43; 13:6ā31), speak in first-person singular, giving the book two first-person voices or what are often called āmemoirsā. Moreover, a third-person voice reports the first return from Babylon (Ezra 1 ā 6), Ezraās return (Ezra 7:1 ā 8:14), Ezraās handling of the problem of mixed marriages (Ezra 10), Ezraās reading of the law (Neh. 8), the priestās confession of sin (Neh. 9) and the peopleās repentance (Neh. 10). Aramaic sections, numerous lists and dischronologization in Ezra 4 add to the confusion and make it hard to get a sense of the whole. The person or people responsible for the final form of EzraāNehemiah might not have smoothed out the roughness of the compositional process, but a discernible message nevertheless runs through this book. That message will occupy the following pages.
Second, the lists of names make this book less appealing to the average reader.1 In fact, they ļ»æmean the boo kļ»æmay have a soporific effect.2 The story of the post-exilic community is certainly compelling because of the obstacles encountered and the progress achieved. Even so, the numerous lists interrupt and slow the pace of the narrative. The reader who dutifully tries to look at each name may lose track of the narrative or simply become drowsy. While it is evident that the writer(s) of EzraāNehemiah meant to do more than compile the equivalent of a telephone book, the lists seem to work against his or their larger purpose, thereby preventing this account of post-exilic events from being a āpage-turnerā. As will be seen, though, the lists convey rich meaning.
Third, biblical scholars have sometimes regarded the post-exilic era EzraāNehemiah describes as little more than an extension of the exile.3 McEntire explains why:
EzraāNehemiah is one of the most neglected books in the study of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. In the sub-field of Old Testament theology or biblical theology, this neglect is perhaps even more acute. It was easy enough to see why this was the case in the past, when historical approaches to biblical theology placed great emphasis on the āmighty acts of Godā. The God of EzraāNehemiah is not a mighty actor.4
In other words, EzraāNehemiah supposedly features no forward progress in Godās plan of redemption. Nehemiah 9:10ā15 may recall supernatural acts of Yahweh at the time of the exodus from Egypt, but EzraāNehemiah records nothing comparable during the returns from Babylon. No miracles occur in EzraāNehemiah. Moreover, although Nehemiah 9:22ā25 mentions the stunning victories in the wilderness and in Canaan, Ezra 9:7, Nehemiah 9:32 and 9:36ā37 speak only of current domination by foreign rulers. Hence, all of Godās mighty deeds on behalf of his people seemingly occurred before the exile, but none in the years after. If, from a New Testament perspective, Godās people must await the birth of Jesus for the next instalment in Godās programme for history (Gal. 4:4ā5), post-exilic believers apparently had little or no sense of the ānowā in their lifetime ā just of the ānot yetā. According to this view, EzraāNehemiah has minimal spiritual vitality ļ»æwith which to encourage and challenge its readers. Perhaps, but Ezra 8:31 credits God with delivering Ezraās wave of returnees from trouble on the way from Persia to Judah. The Hebrew verb wayyaį¹£į¹£Ć®lÄnĆ» is used of Godās saving activity during the exodus from Egypt (Exod. 12:27; 18:8ā10), wandering in the wilderness (Deut. 2:36), conquest of Canaan (Josh. 21:44; 24:11) and at other times (Neh. 9:28). Like other generations of Godās people, the members of the post-exilic community thought that Yahweh was mightily active in their midst, and perceived typological parallels between their situation and that of their ancestors.5
Fourth, some people have considered EzraāNehemiah as more legalistic than gracious. For example, Noth thought that the role of the law underwent a change after the exile.6 Before the exile, the law specified how the Israelites should live distinctively in covenant with Yahweh. Yahweh initiated the covenantal relationship and then gave the law for the purpose of instructing and guiding his people. The law did not create the relationship but enabled it to grow. After the exile, claimed Noth, the law became detached from the covenantal relationship and so lost its original purpose. If the Persian government used the law to maintain order on the western edge of the empire, the post-exilic community took the additional step of reversing the indicative and the imperative. Instead of Godās initiative in the form of the exodus (the indicative) prompting human response in the form of obedience to the law (the imperative), human law-keeping was thought to be the basis of Godās favour.7 Nothās view, of course, is typical of Protestants who, having been influenced by Martin Lutherās polarization of law and grace, consider Second Temple Judaism (Israelite belief and practice after the exile) a religion of works.8 To this way of thinking, the post-exilic EzraāNehemiah with its interest in reading and practising the law of Moses fell short of Paulās declaration of freedom from the law.9 There is, however, another way to understand the relationship of law and gospel. Saysell, for example, observes:
The recent trend is increasingly to defend EN [EzraāNehemiah] against an earlier charge of legalism in the Postexilic Period evident in the writings of such theologians as Eichrodt, Noth and von Rad. The strategy of those rejecting the alleged legalism in EN most often conceive [sic] of the Law as being in the context of the covenant following on from Godās gracious deliverance of his people.10
Moreover, the Old Testament associates the law with Godās mission for an already redeemed people (Exod. 19 ā 23; Isa. 2:3; 51:4; Mic. 4:2). The remainder of this book will say more about the missional purpose of the law.11
Fifth, Ezra 9 ā 10 and Nehemiah 13:23ā27 mention the issue of mixed marriages in the post-exilic community. In both cases, Ezra and Nehemiah the men disapprove of these unions and react rather strongly to the news. Ezra even orders the Jewish men to separate from their non-Jewish wives and mongrel children. Nothing is said about support for these wives and children. Ezra and Nehemiah seem to display callousness, intolerance and xenophobia that contradict the concern of other parts of the Christian Bible for love and mission.12 Regarding the āexclusionary measuresā of Ezra and Nehemiah the men, Laird says, āWhile such tactics and their underlying motifs are no strangers to the human condition, it is disturbing to find them enshrined in what many deem to be sacred text.ā13 Pakkala represents the usual scholarly understanding of the seemingly harsh response to intermarriage in EzraāNehemiah:
In the Ezra source [Ezra 7 ā 10; Neh. 8], group identity is closely tied to the Law and Israelās obedience to it. The Israelites are expected to follow the Law, which separates them from other nations, but those who had remained in the land were unaware of it and had therefore taken foreign wives. The author wanted to demonstrate that ignoring the Law would lead the Israelites into the sin of intermarriage with other nations, which has the potential to threaten Israelās group identity and eventually its existence. Group identity and separation from the other is for this author essentially dependent on observing the Law, which lays down the precepts of Israelās exclusive religion.14
Pakkala, however, never mentions Ezra 6:21, which admittedly lies outside the Ezra source. To be sure, Godās people were supposed to live distinctively, but for the purpose of modelling a redeemed community that might attract the nations. This attraction, according to Ezra 6:21, could lead to participating in the covenantal meal. It can be challenging, then, to identify any abiding relevance or redeeming value to the book of EzraāNehemiah. The challenge, though, is not insurmountable.
Sixth, the Hebrew Bible may treat Ezra and Nehemiah as one book, but modern translations of the Bible separate Ezra and Nehemiah. Preachers may then miss the themes that run through what is supposed to be a literary unit. If preachers tend to ignore Ezra, they often focus on Nehemiah as a manual for leadership.15 When this happens, the book of Nehemiah is often approached moralistically in order to identify principles for motivating others to action. At this point, preachers may, in their estimation, be making the most of a book that does not seem to emphasize Godās plan of redemption. Even so, EzraāNehemiah as a literary unit is also part of the Christian Bible that tells Godās grand story of saving activity. God may be concerned about human conduct, but the moral imperatives of the Christian Bible appear in the larger context of Godās acts and promises. However exemplary Ezra and Nehemiah the men may be, EzraāNehemiah the book is a unified work that focuses not so much on how to be an effective leader but on how to be a godly participant in Godās story. More specifically, EzraāNehemiah has an interest in how Godās people contribute to building the new (and New) Jerusalem, which is Godās redeemed community that is bigger than any single person at any single moment. Mission ā that is, participating in Godās purpose for his world ā factors into the message of these books.
In the context of discussing the Old Testament as the Bible of the early church, Wilson asks, āWould not seminary courses in homiletics be doing students a favor to require that at least one āevangelisticā sermon be preached in class using an Old Testament text?ā16 This NSBT volume assumes, in contrast to much previous scholarship, that such sermons can be preached from EzraāNehemiah. Perhaps, though, a better term than āevangelisticā is āmissionalā. Godās people in both Testaments were supposed to have an evangelistic mindset of being a kingdom of priests (Exod. 19:6; 1Ā Peter 2:9) or a channel of redemptive blessing to the nations that, along with the Israelites, needed to experience the transforming grace of God. God, however, has more than individual regeneration and sanctification in mind. Godās people have received Godās law that tells them how to live as a redeemed community. Such a community has the corporate mission of modelling justice and compassion to outsiders. For this reason, Godās law goes beyond personal piety to address matters of social interaction. Nothing short of the transformation of culture is in view. The New Testament, of course, presents Jesus as the redeemer because he ā by virtue of his righteous life, atoning death and vindicating resurrection ā is the unblemished lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. Moreover, Godās aim to make him pre-eminent over creation is the ultimate reason why God created anything at all (Rom. 8:29; Eph. 1:20ā22; Col. 1:15ā20). Consequently, living missionally as a kingdom of priests is how Godās people advance his mission of exalting Jesus through the plan of redemption that encompasses every area of life.
So then, in view of these reasons for inattention to EzraāNehemiah, this book will avoid a moralistic approach that tries to salvage Ezraā Nehemiah by telling people to be like, or not to be like, Ezra and Nehemiah the men. Modern believers, no less than those who lived during the post-exilic period, are unable to live faithfully without the grace of God ultimately available in Jesus. It is, in fact, cruel to tell people to be faithful like Ezra or Nehemiah and not discuss the prerequisite for faithfulness; namely, faith in the promises of God that ultimately find fulfilment in the person and work of Jesus. This book, instead, will view the book of EzraāNehemiah as the record of the beginning of a new work of God among his people after the exile (Isa. 43:16ā21).17 This new work that led eventually to the first coming of Jesus enables Godās people to be restored presently in their relationship with God. Such restoration involves a combination of hope in Godās promises and obedience to his instruction that has to do with mission. While each of this volumeās chapters will discuss Christian living and so encourage readers to live for something bigger than themselves, the discussion will be rooted in what God has already done for his people and what he will yet do. This interpretive strategy for reading the Christian Bible is called ābiblical theologyā, which is the way the Christian Bible ļ»æwants to be read.18 This book on EzraāNehemiah is part of a series of studies about biblical theology. The next chapter will say more about this hermeneutic, especially as it relates to EzraāNehemiah.
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Biblical theology explained
In a Christian academic context, ābiblical theologyā is a technical term that ...