And looking about at those who sat around him, he said, âHere are my mother and my brothers! For whoever does the will of God, he is my brother and sister and mother.â (Mark 3:34â35)
What is a Christian called in the New Testament? Not a âChristianâ (at least, not very often), a term appearing only three times. In what city did Christians first receive the name âChristianâ? Luke tells us it was Antioch, in Syria, perhaps at the beginning of the 40s AD (Acts 11:26). (In the next chapter of Acts, we read about the death of Herod Agrippa I [12:20â23], which occurred in AD 44.) Very likely it was a term applied to Christians by non-Christians (thus, not a self-designation), as suggested by the rarity of the term within the New Testament and by the other two appearances of the term, one of which appears on the lips of a non-Christian (Acts 26:28) while the other implies that the name âChristianâ is used as an insult by outsiders (1Â Pet 4:16). So, if they werenât often called Christians, what were they called? In this lesson weâll talk about the most common term.
What term is used most often in the New Testament to describe Godâs people? The most common term is adelphoi, âbrothers.â Paul routinely addresses his readers with this term (e.g. Rom 1:13; 7:1; 1 Cor 1:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 1:11). Why does he call them brothers? What about the women? Paul does use the term âsisterâ (adelphÄ) a few times (Rom 16:1; 1Â Cor 7:15; 9:4; Phlm 2), but often Paul includes women within the term âbrother,â as in Phil 4:1â2, where he specifically addresses the women Euodia and Syntyche along with other believers as âbrothers.â1 (Compare the English word âman,â which until recently could refer to males or to humans generally.)
The term âbrotherâ bears a metaphorical meaning (i.e., not referring to biological brothers) 271 times in the New Testament and is so used in every New Testament book except Titus and Jude. Israelites also used the term âbrotherâ in a similar way in the Old Testament (e.g., Exod 2:11; 4:18). A âbrotherâ should be treated differently than a non-Israelite (cf. Deut 15:2â3, 7).
As mentioned earlier, Paul uses the term frequently. Why does Paul use this term? Paul wants his readers to think of themselves as bound together within a new family with one Father (Rom 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; etc.). We are adopted as âsonsâ by God (Rom 8:14â16; Gal 4:5). In that sense, Jesus, the Son of God, is our brother (Rom 8:29; Heb 2:11). Does it matter that we are adopted âas sons,â according to Paul? Why not âas sons and daughtersâ? What difference would there be in Paulâs time between being a son and being a daughter? Sons were the heirs in Antiquity (and mostly throughout history, though not universally: Num 27),2 so if we are adopted âas sons,â we inherit Godâs kingdom (Matt 25:34; Gal 4:7; Rom 8:17), whereas those who are wedded to sin âwill not inherit the kingdom of Godâ (1Â Cor 6:9; Gal 5:21). In fact, in the Roman world, adoption usually happened when a rich man without sons needed to appoint (adopt) someone as his heir, a designated beneficiary of his estate (such as the case of Julius Caesar adopting Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus). Of course, this Christian adoption âas sonsâ involves both men and women, all who are called âchildren of Godâ (Rom 8:16â17). All believers, men and women, are adopted âas sonsâ with full inheritance rights.
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The Language of Adoption
The Greek word translated in some English versions (e.g., ESV) as "adoption as sons" is huiothesia, appearing five times in the New Testament (Rom 8:15, 23; 9:4; Gal 4:5; Eph 1:5). The first few letters, huio, is related to the Greek word for "son" (huios). The NET Bible uses different translations to convey the force of this word: "adopted as sons with full rights" (Gal 4:5); "adoption as his legal heirs" (Eph 1:5).Â
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If we are children of God, what does that imply about who God is to us? Jesus teaches the disciples to address God as âFatherâ (Matt 6:9; Mark 11:25; John 16:23â24). This theme is especially prominent in Matthew (where God appears as âFatherâ 44 times) and John (109 times). In the Old Testament, God is the âFatherâ of Israel (Exod 4:22; Hos 11:1), and particularly of the king (2Â Sam 7:14; Ps 89:26â27). Jewish prayers in New Testament times could also address God as Father, such as in the prayer called Avinu Malkeinu (see Wikipedia), Hebrew for âOur Father, Our King.â But the use of this terminology in the New Testament increases dramatically, and we notice that Jesus created controversy with the way that he called God âFather,â which seemed to some of his contemporaries to be âmaking himself equal with Godâ (John 5:18). It may have become known that there were some abnormalities about Jesusâs birth, and this idea might have fed into the question, âWhere is your Father?â (8:19) addressed to Jesus by the Pharisees (v. 13). But this question was also prompted by Jesusâs repeated references to God as his Father. This unique relationship that Jesus has with God is likewise indicated by Jesusâs calling himself âthe Sonâ (John 5:19â24), just as New Testament writers describe Jesus as the âson of Godâ in a special sense (Rom 1:3). But in a different sense other believers can become sons of God (Gal 4:4â6). We can become children of God (John 1:12â13). God is the Father not only of Jesus but also of his followers: âI ascend to My Father and your Father, and My God and your Godâ (John 20:17). Jesus becomes âthe firstborn among many brothersâ (Rom 8:29). We address God as âAbba, Fatherâ (Gal 4:6â7; Rom 8:15â16), echoing Jesusâs own prayer (Mark 14:36).
Jesus downplays the significance of blood kinship when he says that âwhoever does the will of God, he is my brother and sister and motherâ (Mark 3:31â35). His followers must recognize that they are all brothers (and sisters) (Matt 23:8). What did Jesus think that someoneâs acceptance of him as the Messiah might mean for that personâs relations to his family? He thought it could be hazardous (Mark 13:12; Luke 12:51â53). Why? A decision for Jesus is a decision against certain (ungodly) family traditions. Jesus said discipleship requires âhatredâ of family and oneâs own life (Luke 14:26; Matt 10:37). The message of Christ could separate families, so it was important for his followers to understand their position in a new family, with new brothers and sisters and mothers. This notion was reinforced by the common practice of worshipping in each otherâs homes and eating together (Acts 2:42â47).3
What does the label âbrothers and sistersâ as a description of believers imply about their relationship to one another? Paul insists that they display âbrotherly loveâ (philadelphia; 1Â Thess 4:9) and that they be unified. The Corinthians struggled with division, so Paul repeatedly calls them âbrotherâ in this context (note esp. 1 Cor 1:10â11; 6:5â7; 8:11â13). Conflict within a social club might destroy the social club, but usually conflict within a family does not destroy the family. Paul wants his readers to think of themselves as members not of a social club but of a family.
Conclusion
Jesus and the New Testament writers emphasize the close relationship Christians have to one another by constantly referring to believers with family language. With God as our Father and Jesus as our brother, we have entered a new family that now includes people we donât necessarily know very well. The New Testament expects us to treat one another like loving brothers and sisters.
Discussion Questions
- Read Mark 10:29â30. What does Jesus mean about leaving houses and brothers and sisters, etc? What does he mean about receiving more brothers and sisters and mothers, etc.?
- Jesus says that his followers must hate their parents (Luke 14:26; cf. Matt 10:37). Are you familiar with a situation in which someoneâs attachment to his/her family created a roadblock toward obedience to Christ?
- What does the language about adoption and inheritance mean? See Galatians 4:1â7.
- How does Paul expect Christians to treat one another since they are members of the same family? See 1Â Corinthians 6:1â8; 8:1â13.
- Sometimes a congregation will feature among its members several large biological families, sometimes with multiple generations (grandparents, parents, children, maybe even great grandchildren, along with assorted aunts, uncles, cousins). The same congregation will also include many members without such kinship ties, maybe without any biological family. For such a congregation, what special challenges or opportunities might there be in living out the New Testament vision of the church as a new family?
Endnotes
1. Other probable examples: Rom 14:10; Col 4:15; 2Â Tim 4:21.
2. See Wikipedia: âHistorical Inheritance Systems.â
3. On churches meeting in homes, see Rom 16:5; 1Â Cor 16:19; Col 4:15; Phlm 2. Christians also sometimes met in spaces other than homes; see Larry Hurtadoâs Blog, âWhere Did Earliest Christians Meet?â (Nov 20, 2013).