- 288 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub
About this book
This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Designed and written specifically for veterinary nurses, it focuses on the practical application of knowledge and encourages a problem-solving approach by introducing a discussion of the potential uses of drugs and exploring a variety of therapies. The text builds upon a general background of anatomy and physiology, chemical sciences and microbiology enabling the reader to understand and engage with the topic more fully. Photographs and detailed line drawings illustrate the more complex areas of pharmacology and aid comprehension of the general action mechanisms of the various drugs discussed. Complicated concepts are presented in a user-friendly way to maximise understanding.- The first book on pharmacology that meets the needs of every veterinary nurse - from student to qualified- Each chapter is headed with a list of learning outcomes for easy use- Inclusion of self-test questions to aid revision- A useful reference tool in clinical situations- Offers practical advice on pharmacy management- Recent research into drug therapy is included and future pharmacological therapies and recommended treatment protocols are discussed
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Please note we cannot support devices running on iOS 13 and Android 7 or earlier. Learn more about using the app.
Yes, you can access Veterinary Pharmacology by Amanda Helen Rock in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Medicine & Veterinary Medicine. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
Information
SECTION THREE
Applied Pharmacology
Introduction to: SECTION 3 Applied Pharmacology
Disease categories
Diseases are described as one of the following:
• Genetic – passed on through the DNA, may not be present at birth
• Immune mediated – the body attacks itself
• Traumatic
• Anomalous
• Degenerative – for example senility, where free radical damage affects nerve cells
• Toxic (poisoning)
• Overgrowth (hyperplasia) – epulis, benign oral growths are examples
• Infectious
• Inflammatory
• Congenital – an abnormality occurring during development
• Cancer
CHAPTER 8
The Treatment of Infections
Learning aims and objectives
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
1. Describe how antibacterials disrupt cell function
2. List commonly used antifungals and list sites of action of antifungal drugs
3. State how antiviral agents work
4. Explain the mechanism of action of antiparasitic drugs
Antimicrobial drugs
Antibiotics
Antibiotics were discovered in the 1930s. They were produced initially by other micro-organisms and all have a detrimental effect on bacteria, viruses or fungi. Choosing an antibiotic is becoming increasingly difficult with the wide array available. Often broad-spectrum drugs like amoxicillin/clavulanate or enrofloxacin are chosen when the pathogen is unknown, but specific antibiosis based on culture and sensitivity is more appropriate. Broad-spectrum drugs are usually selected where the exact nature of the pathogen is unknown. Such choices take into account previous clinical experience and the likely flora known to cause specific infections (e.g. Staph. intermedius in canine pyoderma) as well as the specific indications of the chosen drug.
Antibiotic sensitivity of an organism can be tested by placing antibiotic-impregnated discs into cultures of the organism to see if growth is inhibited around the disc. This gives a good indication of sensitivity in vitro (in the laboratory) but does not necessarily mean the drug will kill organisms in vivo (in the body). This is because some drugs penetrate different areas of the body better than others. Neomycin is an example of an antibiotic that is poorly absorbed from the gut following oral administration and so is ideal for enteric infections but not appropriate for systemic infections. In-vitro results may suggest that penicillin is an appropriate drug for treating a streptococcal meningitis, but does not take into account the inability of penicillin to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. It can not cross the physiological barrier unless it is damaged and so will not reach therapeutic levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
Antibiotics are either bactericidal or bacteriostatic, depending on whether they kill bacteria or stop their replication. The decision as to which antibiotic to use is also influenced by which of these groups it falls into. The list below shows a few examples of each:
• bactericidal
– fluoroquinolones (e.g. enrofloxacin)
– β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin)
– aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin)
• bacteriostatic
– sulphonamides (e.g. sulfasalazine)
– tetracyclines (e.g. oxytetracycline)
– chloramphenicol
– erythromycin.
Antibiotic combinations are sometimes used in mixed infections, but the drugs must be chosen with care. Penicillin and streptomycin are two drugs that are often used together as they do not interfere with each other’s mechanism of action. However, using a bacteriostatic drug with a bactericidal one may be antagonistic as bacteriostats inhibit multiplication whilst bacteriocides are active mainly against multiplying ones. Antibacterials can affect several processes within the cell:
• DNA synthesis, e.g. fluoroquinolones
• protein synthesis (most common), e.g. tetracyclines
• biochemical transformations, e.g. sulp...
Table of contents
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface
- SECTION ONE: Introduction to pharmacology
- SECTION TWO: The sciences
- SECTION THREE: Applied Pharmacology
- Glossary
- Appendix: Multiple Choice Questions
- Index